Table 4. Comparison of symptom severity and general functioning on the basis of empirically derived cognitive subgroups of people with schizophrenia.

	CIQ (n=131)	DIQ (n=228)	PIQ (n=153)	F	P	CIQ versus DIQ (d)	CIQ versus PIQ (d)	DIQ versus PIQ (d)
Negative symptoms	Median (s.d.)	Median (s.d.)	Median (s.d.)
Avolition–apathy
Global avolition–apathy	2.3 (1.4)	1.9 (1.4)	1.7 (1.4)	7.07	0.001	0.2	0.4a	0.2
Impersistence at work/school	2.8 (1.6)	2.4 (1.6)	2.1 (1.6)	7.66	0.001	0.2	0.4a	0.2
Physical anergia	1.6 (1.4)	1.3 (1.4)	0.8 (1.4)	11.20	<0.001	0.2	0.5a	0.3a
Grooming	1.2 (1.3)	0.8 (1.3)	0.9 (1.3)	3.27	0.039
Affective flattening
Global affective flattening	1.9 (1.4)	1.7 (1.4)	1.4 (1.4)	4.41	0.009	0.1	0.3a	0.2
Facial expression	1.9 (1.5)	1.9 (1.5)	1.6 (1.5)	2.1	0.123
Spontaneous movement	0.8 (1.1)	0.7 (1.1)	0.6 (1.1)	1.58	0.206
Gestures	1.4 (1.3)	1.2 (1.3)	0.9 (1.3)	4.57	0.011
Eye contact	1.1 (1.4)	1.1 (1.4)	1.0 (1.4)	0.55	0.574
Non-responsivity	0.9 (1.2)	0.8 (1.2)	0.5 (1.2)	2.96	0.053
Inappropriate	0.5 (0.9)	0.3 (0.9)	0.3 (0.9)	2.39	0.093
Vocal inflections	1.6 (1.4)	1.3 (1.4)	1.1 (1.4)	4.73	0.009	0.2	0.2a	0.2
Anhedonia–asociality
Global asociality	2.5 (1.4)	2.1 (1.4)	1.9 (1.4)	6.11	0.002	0.2	0.3a	0.1
Recreational	2.1 (1.5)	1.8 (1.5)	1.5 (1.5)	5.84	0.003	0.1	0.3a	0.2
Sexual activity	1.6 (1.6)	1.3 (1.6)	1.0 (1.6)	4.89	0.008	0.2	0.3a	0.1
Intimacy	2.0 (1.6)	1.7 (1.6)	1.4 (1.6)	5.15	0.006	0.2	0.3a	0.1
Relationships	2.4 (1.6)	2.0 (1.6)	1.9 (1.6)	4.85	0.008	0.2	0.3a	0.1
Alogia
Global alogia	1.3 (1.3)	1.3 (1.3)	1.1 (1.3)	1.25	0.289
Poverty of speech	1.1 (1.3)	0.7 (1.3)	0.7 (1.3)	4.39	0.013
Speech content	0.8 (1.3)	0.9 (1.3)	0.8 (1.3)	0.48	0.618
Blocking	0.4 (0.8)	0.3 (0.8)	0.2 (0.8)	1.01	0.365
Response latency	0.6 (1.1)	0.5 (1.1)	0.5 (1.1)	0.67	0.511
Positive symptoms	Median (s.d.)	Median (s.d.)	Median (s.d.)	χ2	P	P	P	P
Hallucinations
Lifetime	2.9 (2.1)	3.0 (2.3)	3.0 (2.5)	0.02	0.990
Past week	0.9 (1.8)	0.6 (1.8)	0.4 (1.3)	12.11	0.002	0.197	0.002	0.125
Delusions
Lifetime	4.3 (2.7)	5.1 (2.4)	5.4 (2.7)	8.86	0.012	0.078	0.011	0.991
Past week	0.9 (2.3)	0.7 (1.8)	0.5 (2.4)	5.106	0.078

General functioning	%	%	%	χ2	P	P	P	P
% Never married	44%	55%	49%	4.61	0.100
% Brain disorder prior to onset	7%	2%	5%	6.24	0.044
% Unemployed at onset	36%	20%	19%	15.80	<0.001	<0.001	0.001	0.915
% Poor premorbid work adjustment	31%	30%	22%	4.36	0.113
% Poor premorbid social adjustment	39%	33%	32%	1.81	0.404
Course of Illness
% Acute onset	32%	25%	34%	3.97	0.137
% Chronic course	51%	37%	30%	14.74	0.001	0.007	<0.001	0.134
Current Functioning
% ⩽1 Friend	41%	24%	20%	18.13	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	0.353
% Employed in last year	19%	41%	41%	20.85	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.978
% Obvious dysfunction in self care	28%	24%	20%	6.80	0.558
Global Functioning	Mean (s.d.)	Mean (s.d.)	Mean (s.d.)	F	P	P	P	P
GAFa	44.7 (11.4)	52.7 (11.5)	55.6 (12.6)	32.44	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.015

Abbreviations: CIQ, Compromised group; DIP, diagnostic interview for psychosis; DIQ, Deteriorated group; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; PIQ, preserved group; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms.

Means with standard deviation in parentheses provided for negative symptoms. Medians and s.d. are presented for positive symptoms. Negative symptoms from SANS. Cohen’s d effect sizes are shown for negative symptoms pairwise comparisons. For SANS results.

^aIndicates significant result after Bonferroni correction. For general function variables (consisting of demographic factors and items 9, 13–15, and 17 from the DIP, the percentage of participants in each group endorsing each item are presented, except for GAF where means with s.d. in parentheses are presented. Bold font denotes large effect size, Choen's d>0.80.