Table 4. Comparison of symptom severity and general functioning on the basis of empirically derived cognitive subgroups of people with schizophrenia.
CIQ (n=131) | DIQ (n=228) | PIQ (n=153) | F | P | CIQ versus DIQ (d) | CIQ versus PIQ (d) | DIQ versus PIQ (d) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative symptoms | Median (s.d.) | Median (s.d.) | Median (s.d.) | |||||
Avolition–apathy | ||||||||
Global avolition–apathy | 2.3 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.4) | 7.07 | 0.001 | 0.2 | 0.4a | 0.2 |
Impersistence at work/school | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.6) | 7.66 | 0.001 | 0.2 | 0.4a | 0.2 |
Physical anergia | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.4) | 0.8 (1.4) | 11.20 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.5a | 0.3a |
Grooming | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.3) | 3.27 | 0.039 | |||
Affective flattening | ||||||||
Global affective flattening | 1.9 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.4) | 4.41 | 0.009 | 0.1 | 0.3a | 0.2 |
Facial expression | 1.9 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.5) | 2.1 | 0.123 | |||
Spontaneous movement | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.58 | 0.206 | |||
Gestures | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.3) | 4.57 | 0.011 | |||
Eye contact | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.4) | 0.55 | 0.574 | |||
Non-responsivity | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.5 (1.2) | 2.96 | 0.053 | |||
Inappropriate | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.9) | 2.39 | 0.093 | |||
Vocal inflections | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.1 (1.4) | 4.73 | 0.009 | 0.2 | 0.2a | 0.2 |
Anhedonia–asociality | ||||||||
Global asociality | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.4) | 6.11 | 0.002 | 0.2 | 0.3a | 0.1 |
Recreational | 2.1 (1.5) | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.5) | 5.84 | 0.003 | 0.1 | 0.3a | 0.2 |
Sexual activity | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.0 (1.6) | 4.89 | 0.008 | 0.2 | 0.3a | 0.1 |
Intimacy | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.6) | 1.4 (1.6) | 5.15 | 0.006 | 0.2 | 0.3a | 0.1 |
Relationships | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.6) | 4.85 | 0.008 | 0.2 | 0.3a | 0.1 |
Alogia | ||||||||
Global alogia | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.25 | 0.289 | |||
Poverty of speech | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.7 (1.3) | 4.39 | 0.013 | |||
Speech content | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.48 | 0.618 | |||
Blocking | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.8) | 1.01 | 0.365 | |||
Response latency | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.67 | 0.511 | |||
Positive symptoms | Median (s.d.) | Median (s.d.) | Median (s.d.) | χ2 | P | P | P | P |
Hallucinations | ||||||||
Lifetime | 2.9 (2.1) | 3.0 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.5) | 0.02 | 0.990 | |||
Past week | 0.9 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.8) | 0.4 (1.3) | 12.11 | 0.002 | 0.197 | 0.002 | 0.125 |
Delusions | ||||||||
Lifetime | 4.3 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.7) | 8.86 | 0.012 | 0.078 | 0.011 | 0.991 |
Past week | 0.9 (2.3) | 0.7 (1.8) | 0.5 (2.4) | 5.106 | 0.078 |
General functioning | % | % | % | χ2 | P | P | P | P |
% Never married | 44% | 55% | 49% | 4.61 | 0.100 | |||
% Brain disorder prior to onset | 7% | 2% | 5% | 6.24 | 0.044 | |||
% Unemployed at onset | 36% | 20% | 19% | 15.80 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.915 |
% Poor premorbid work adjustment | 31% | 30% | 22% | 4.36 | 0.113 | |||
% Poor premorbid social adjustment | 39% | 33% | 32% | 1.81 | 0.404 | |||
Course of Illness | ||||||||
% Acute onset | 32% | 25% | 34% | 3.97 | 0.137 | |||
% Chronic course | 51% | 37% | 30% | 14.74 | 0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.134 |
Current Functioning | ||||||||
% ⩽1 Friend | 41% | 24% | 20% | 18.13 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.353 |
% Employed in last year | 19% | 41% | 41% | 20.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.978 |
% Obvious dysfunction in self care | 28% | 24% | 20% | 6.80 | 0.558 | |||
Global Functioning | Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | F | P | P | P | P |
GAFa | 44.7 (11.4) | 52.7 (11.5) | 55.6 (12.6) | 32.44 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.015 |
Abbreviations: CIQ, Compromised group; DIP, diagnostic interview for psychosis; DIQ, Deteriorated group; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; PIQ, preserved group; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms.
Means with standard deviation in parentheses provided for negative symptoms. Medians and s.d. are presented for positive symptoms. Negative symptoms from SANS. Cohen’s d effect sizes are shown for negative symptoms pairwise comparisons. For SANS results.
Indicates significant result after Bonferroni correction. For general function variables (consisting of demographic factors and items 9, 13–15, and 17 from the DIP, the percentage of participants in each group endorsing each item are presented, except for GAF where means with s.d. in parentheses are presented. Bold font denotes large effect size, Choen's d>0.80.