Table 1. Measures of cognition, clinical symptoms, quality of life, and hippocampal volume at baseline, after 12 weeks intervention and at 18-month follow-up.
|
Yoga group
|
Aerobic exercise group
|
Waitlist control group
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 weeks | 18 months | Baseline | 12 weeks | 18 months | Baseline | 12 weeks | 18 months | |
|
Cognition
| |||||||||
| Sample size | 45 | 38 | 23 | 40 | 31 | 22 | 39 | 33 | 18 |
| HKLLT-acquisition, mean (s.d.) | 23.4 (6.1) | 30.1 (6.6) | 28.1 (6.3) | 22.7 (8.0) | 29.1 (8.2) | 28.9 (8.2) | 22.7 (7.6) | 24.7 (8.1) | 29.6 (6.7) |
| HKLLT-retention, mean (s.d.) | 15.2 (6.1) | 19.8 (6.0) | 18.4 (6.5) | 15.6 (5.4) | 21.3 (7.1) | 19.6 (7.5) | 14.5 (7.0) | 16.5 (7.2) | 19.1 (6.9) |
| Digit span forwards test, mean (s.d.) | 11.7 (2.3) | 12.7 (1.8) | 12.4 (2.0) | 12.1 (1.8) | 13.1 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.1) | 12.3 (1.8) | 12.3 (2.1) | 13.4 (0.9) |
| Digit span backwards test, mean (s.d.) | 7.0 (3.0) | 8.7 (3.0) | 8.5 (3.4) | 6.7 (2.5) | 9.5 (3.0) | 9.4 (3.3) | 7.7 (3.3) | 7.3 (2.7) | 9.2 (3.0) |
| Letter cancellation test, Q score, mean (s.d.) | 0.76 (0.14) | 0.85 (0.18) | 0.82 (0.15) | 0.72 (0.21) | 0.78 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.21) | 0.75 (0.15) | 0.73 (0.17) | 0.84 (0.13) |
| Stroop test congruent condition, correct items mean (s.d.) | 110.3 (2.6) | 111.1 (1.8) | 110.9 (1.1) | 110.0 (2.7) | 110.9 (2.5) | 110.6 (1.7) | 110.5 (1.6) | 110.4 (1.5) | 111.4 (1.0) |
| Stroop test incongruent condition, corrected items, mean (s.d.) | 105.7 (4.5) | 108.2 (3.4) | 108.8 (3.3) | 105.4 (5.6) | 106.9 (4.6) | 107.5 (3.6) | 103.3 (8.2) | 105.5 (6.1) | 108.7 (2.8) |
|
Clinical symptoms
| |||||||||
| Sample size | 45 | 38 | 23 | 40 | 31 | 22 | 39 | 33 | 18 |
| PANSS total, mean (s.d.) | 47.5 (15.4) | 37.6 (9.3) | 39.1 (9.7) | 46.4 (15.9) | 39.1 (10.9) | 35.6 (6.3) | 45.9 (15.3) | 49.4 (15.8) | 42.2 (10.7) |
| PANSS positive, mean (s.d.) | 10.2 (3.7) | 8.7 (2.7) | 8.6 (2.2) | 9.5 (4.5) | 8.3 (2.4) | 7.8 (1.5) | 9.9 (3.8) | 10.1 (3.5) | 9.9 (4.4) |
| PANSS negative, mean (s.d.) | 10.8 (4.2) | 8.5 (2.7) | 8.4 (3.1) | 10.9 (5.6) | 9.5 (3.7) | 8.1 (2.1) | 11.2 (4.1) | 12.7 (5.1) | 9.6 (3.8) |
| PANSS general, mean (s.d.) | 26.6 (9.3) | 20.4 (5.5) | 22.1 (7.0) | 26.0 (9.2) | 21.3 (6.7) | 19.6 (3.9) | 24.8 (9.2) | 26.6 (9.6) | 22.7 (5.2) |
| CDS total, mean (s.d.) | 4.1 (4.2) | 1.7 (2.4) | 2.7 (3.4) | 3.3 (4.0) | 1.6 (2.3) | 1.7 (1.9) | 3.7 (4.7) | 4.3 (4.3) | 1.8 (1.7) |
|
Hippocampal volume (mm
3) | |||||||||
| Sample size | 25 | 20 | 28 | 17 | 20 | 13 | |||
| Left HPC, mean (s.d.) | 3,511 (290) | 3,459 (259) | 3,461 (385) | 3,475 (428) | 3,533 (314) | 3,530 (272) | |||
| Right HPC, mean (s.d.) | 3,726 (309) | 3,667 (262) | 3,645 (373) | 3,638 (378) | 3,726 (326) | 3,724 (310) | |||
| Total HPC, mean (s.d.) | 7,237 (589) | 7,126 (506) | 7,106 (741) | 7,113 (793) | 7,259 (629) | 7,254 (560) | |||
|
Quality of Life
| |||||||||
| Sample size | 44 | 38 | 40 | 31 | 38 | 32 | |||
| Physical health, mean (s.d.) | 64.1 (16.9) | 71.4 (18.0) | 64.5 (17.2) | 75.0 (17.4) | 69.4 (17.4) | 68.8 (19.5) | |||
| Psychological health, mean (s.d.) | 57.2 (22.0) | 67.8 (21.6) | 60.0 (19.2) | 73.1 (29.6) | 60.7 (20.0) | 57.2 (23.6) | |||
|
Body perception
| |||||||||
| Sample size | 44 | 38 | 23 | 40 | 31 | 22 | 38 | 32 | 18 |
| FRS, mean (s.d.) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.3) |
|
Drug adherence
| |||||||||
| Sample size | 41 | 37 | 23 | 37 | 31 | 22 | 35 | 32 | 18 |
| MCR, mean (s.d.) | 6.0 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.5) | 5.9 (0.4) | 5.9 (0.8) | 6.1 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.8) | 5.9 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.7) | 5.9 (0.3) |
|
Fitness
| |||||||||
| Sample size | 38 | 23 | 35 | 18 | 23 | 11 | |||
| VO2 max | 25.3 (6.2) | 25.9 (5.5) | 27.1 (5.4) | 29.2 (5.9) | 26.1 (5.0) | 26.0 (5.2) | |||
Abbreviations: CDS, calgary depression scale; FRS, figure rating scale; HKLLT, Hong Kong list learning test; HPC, hippocampus; MCR, medication compliance rating; PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale.