TABLE 1.
All | Any contam. | Any chem. | Switchers Any contam. | Switchers Any chem. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of observations | 521978 | 42256 | 35557 | 80507 | 68308 |
Low birth weight | 0.0521 | 0.0578 | 0.0613 | 0.0578 | 0.0608 |
(0.0003) | (0.0011) | (0.0013) | (0.0008) | (0.0009) | |
Preterm (<37 wks) | 0.0739 | 0.0776 | 0.0811 | 0.0779 | 0.0802 |
(0.0004) | (0.0013) | (0.0014) | (0.0009) | (0.0010) | |
Mom’s age | |||||
<19 | 0.0336 | 0.0461 | 0.0519 | 0.0530 | 0.0591 |
(0.0002) | (0.0010) | (0.0012) | (0.0008) | (0.0009) | |
19–24 | 0.2029 | 0.2753 | 0.3017 | 0.2886 | 0.3144 |
(0.0006) | (0.0022) | (0.0024) | (0.0016) | (0.0018) | |
25–34 | 0.5699 | 0.5256 | 0.5091 | 0.5186 | 0.5008 |
(0.0007) | (0.0024) | (0.0027) | (0.0018) | (0.0019) | |
35+ | 0.1935 | 0.1530 | 0.1372 | 0.1398 | 0.1257 |
(0.0005) | (0.0018) | (0.0018) | (0.0012) | (0.0013) | |
Mom’s race | |||||
African-American | 0.1691 | 0.2235 | 0.2474 | 0.2242 | 0.2446 |
(0.0005) | (0.0020) | (0.0023) | (0.0015) | (0.0016) | |
Hispanic | 0.2317 | 0.3310 | 0.3589 | 0.2986 | 0.3223 |
(0.0006) | (0.0023) | (0.0025) | (0.0016) | (0.0018) | |
Non-Hisp. white | 0.5166 | 0.4011 | 0.3566 | 0.4306 | 0.3928 |
(0.0007) | (0.0024) | (0.0025) | (0.0017) | (0.0019) | |
Mom’s education | |||||
No HS diploma | 0.1521 | 0.2407 | 0.2685 | 0.2263 | 0.2498 |
(0.0005) | (0.0021) | (0.0024) | (0.0015) | (0.0017) | |
HS | 0.2780 | 0.2405 | 0.3302 | 0.314 | 0.3241 |
(0.0006) | (0.0023) | (0.0025) | (0.0016) | (0.0018) | |
Some college | 0.4228 | 0.3498 | 0.3237 | 0.3587 | 0.3374 |
(0.0007) | (0.0023) | (0.0025) | (0.0017) | (0.0018) | |
College or adv. | 0.1308 | 0.0806 | 0.0657 | 0.0835 | 0.0701 |
(0.0005) | (0.0013) | (0.0013) | (0.0010) | (0.0010) | |
Mother smokes | 0.0774 | 0.0917 | 0.0952 | 0.0885 | 0.0903 |
(0.0004) | (0.0014) | (0.0016) | (0.0010) | (0.0011) | |
Mother is married | 0.6950 | 0.5728 | 0.5311 | 0.5864 | 0.5511 |
(0.0006) | (0.0024) | (0.0026) | − 0.0017 | − 0.0019 | |
Mother moved | 0.3719 | 0.3369 | 0.3118 | 0.3854 | 0.3606 |
(0.0007) | (0.0023) | (0.0025) | − 0.0017 | − 0.0018 |
NOTES: Standard errors in parentheses. Switchers refer to siblings in families where one child was exposed and the other was not. ‘Mother moved’ is equal to one if the mother moved at least once between births.