TABLE 3.

Effects of drinking water contamination on low birth weight and prematurity

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
	LBW	LBW	LBW	LBW	LBW	Premature	Premature	Premature	Premature	Premature
Any chem.	− 0.0001	0.0016	0.0018	0.0034**	0.0037***	− 0.0042***	− 0.0008	− 0.0015	0.0021	0.0023
	(0.0012)	(0.0012)	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0014)	(0.0014)	(0.0019)	(0.0019)	(0.0024)
Any contam.	− 0.0006	0.0012	0.0016	0.0032**	0.0034***	− 0.0041***	− 0.0004	− 0.0015	0.0024	0.0025
	(0.0011)	(0.0011)	(0.0015)	(0.0015)	(0.0013)	(0.0013)	(0.0013)	(0.0017)	(0.0017)	(0.0020)
No. observations	521978	521978	521978	521978	521978	521978	521978	521978	521978	521978
Full-gestation IV		x		x	x		x		x	x
Mom FE			x	x	x			x	x	x
Year*month FE	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Cluster SE on mom			x	x				x	x
Cluster SE on water	district*year		x		x			x		x

NOTES: The sample consists of births matched to at least one sibling. Exposure to contaminants during pregnancy is instrumented with potential exposure during the 39 weeks following conception. All regressions include year*month fixed effects and the following indicators: mother’s age (19–24, 25–34, 35+, missing); mother’s race: (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, missing); mother’s education (<12, 12, some college, college+, missing); mother smoked; risk factors for the pregnancy parity; mother married, married missing, child male, weather controls.

⁺p < 0.10,

^**p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.001