Table 2. Total biomass (g±SE), root/shoot ratio, and percentage of the various tree components of control (unclipped) and clipped trees for two clipping treatments and four harvesting seasons.

Aboveground is the sum of stem, branches, and needles, belowground is the sum of coarse and fine roots. Different letters indicate significant differences among harvesting seasons within one treatment (P<0.05). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, and *** P<0.001 indicate significant differences between 'Control' and 'Clipped' trees.

Treatment	Harvesting season	Trees (n)	Total biomass (g; ±SE)	Root / shoot ratio	Tree components (%)
					Stem	Branches	Needles	Coarse roots	Fine roots	Above-ground	Below-ground
Control	Spring	5	48.9±7.0c	0.41b	17.3	14.2	39.4	17.2	11.9	70.9	29.1
	Summer	9	70.5±6.4bc	0.44b	18.7	14.5	36.5	18.8	11.4	69.8	30.2
	Autumn	13	81.6±6.4b	0.60a	16.4	14.4	31.6	19.5	18.0	62.5	37.5
	Spring+1 yr	6	104.8±10.5a	0.54a	13.4	11.8	40.3	18.2	16.3	65.5	34.5
	Mean		77.8±4.6	0.52	16.6	13.9	35.7	18.8	15.0	66.3	33.7
Clipped	Spring	5	41.2±8.5b	0.59	18.1	12.4	32.8**	19.7	16.9	63.4*	36.6*
	Summer	9	59.2±9.3ab	0.57***	21.4*	14.2	28.4***	20.8	15.3*	64.0**	36.0**
	Autumn	13	72.6±4.8a	0.63	18.4*	15.6	27.7***	22.2*	16.2	61.7	38.4
	Spring+1 yr	8	67.6±8.4a*	0.56	14.2	10.7	39.2	17.6	18.3	64.1	35.9
	Mean		63.5±4.0	0.59	18.2	13.7	31.2	20.0	16.5	63.1	36.9