| Alvarez Gordillo et al. 2003 [50] |
Chiapas, Mexico,UMIC. |
Parallel cluster-randomized study (23 intervention and 25 control health centers). |
Febr 2001- Jan 2002. |
87 (I: 44, C: 43). |
Smear positive pulmonary TB patients 15–89 years, 51% male. Patients with documented resistance were excluded. |
Self-help groups vs no support. |
Self-help groups. Monthly meetings under coordination of doctors from the specific health unit where the patients received treatment. |
Funded by the System Research Benito Juárez, System SEP / CONACYT of Oaxaca, Mexico. |
Adherence, defined as Minimal 75% of prescribed dosages taken; treatment completion was defined as 100% of the dosages taken; cure according to the WHO definitions. |
Patients could choose the number of meetings and the topics discussed. The health personnel (staff doctors, nurses and social health workers) were trained; they had 6 multidisciplinary workshop days in total. Topics discussed: health, social- economic and cultural aspects of tuberculosis. Theory and practice of diagnosis and treatment of TB and formation of self-help groups. |
| Baral et al. 2014 [52] |
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal,LIC. |
Parallel cluster-randomized study. |
Jan-Dec 2008. |
156 (I1: 33, I2; 42, C: 81). |
MDR-TB patients. 83% 21–60 years; 65% male. |
1) Counseling only 2) counseling and financial support vs 3) usual care. 7 DOTS plus centers (3:2:2). |
1) Counselling on individual level and in small groups, every 2–3 weeks. Or 2) counselling on individual level and in small groups, every 2–3 weeks and US$ 28 per month meant to cover local transport, food and rental costs, but free to use as they chose. |
Funded by UK Aid from DFID. Patients receiving financial support were given Nepali Rupees (NRs) 2000 (US$ 28) per month. |
Cure, as internationally defined (treatment success). |
The intervention was designed after exploratory qualitative study. No adequate sample size calculation (not taking into account clustering), and sample size was smaller than anticipated (partially compensated by including larger number of control patients). |
| Bock et al. 2001 [20] |
Fulton County, Georgia, USA,HIC. |
Historically controlled study. |
I: Nov 1996—Oct 1997; C: April 1995 -March 1996. |
107 (I: 55, C: 52). |
TB patients who demonstrated non-adherence by missing at least 25% of DOT doses over a 4-week period. Mean age: 36–38 years; 58% male; HIV infected 34%; alcohol or injection or non-injection drug abusers 56%. Patients, who died, transferred out, lost or uncooperative, were excluded. |
Incentive program vs historical controls in the same county. =, who would have been eligible for the incentive under the incentive program. |
A coupon redeemable for five dollars in merchandise at a regional chain of grocery stores was given to the patient (or parent/guardian) at each DOT and physician appointment after enrolment. Frequency is unknown. |
Partial funding was provided by the Georgia Chapter of the American Lung Association. The cost of incentives for 55 patients was approximately US$ 10.000, less than the cost of treating 1 TB case. |
Treatment completion, not defined. |
. |
| Cantalice Filho 2009 [45] |
Duque de Caxias, Brazil, UMIC. |
Historically controlled study |
I:2004 –Jul 2006; C: Sept 2001 –Dec 2003 |
142 (I: 74, C: 68) |
TB patients > 15 years old with confirmed TB. Mean age: 37 years; 59% male; 20% patients with a history of TB; 2% HIV positive. |
Treatment and provision of food baskets vs treatment only. Historical controls. |
Provision of food baskets on a monthly basis (non-perishable food, the content of the food baskets was not further described). |
Funding source is not reported. |
Cure, loss-to-follow up, failure and death are not defined. |
. |
| Davidson et al. 2000 [56] |
New York City, United States of America, HIC. |
Case-control study. |
Oct 1992—March 1996. |
365 (Cases: 147, controls: 218). |
TB patients. Mean age: 40 years; 75% male. 84% were currently unemployed, 74% had no income at the time of the study. 58% was in prison in the past year. |
Adherent (attending 80% of the prescribed visits) vs non-adherent patients. Comparison within the same time range. From 6 DOT programs from different city-districts. |
10 subway tokens (cash value 15 US$) for attendance at all scheduled appointments each week throughout the course of treatment. Later it changed to 20 tokens a month (cash value 30 US$) at the end of each of the first 2 months and a bonus of 40 tokens at the end of the 3rd month. The 3-month cycles were repeated until treatment ended. |
Funded by grants from the Aaron Diamond Foundation and the New York State Department of Health. |
Adherence, defined according to a 1990 USPHS report that has been widely cited as a standard for TB treatment. Patients were considered adherent if they attended 80% of their prescribed visits every month of their treatment during the study period. |
Not clear what the coverage of support was in the adherent and non-adherent group. |
| Drabo et al. 2009 [67] |
Burkina Faso, LIC. |
Parallel cluster-randomized study |
Oct 2005-Dec 2007. |
333 (I: 178, C: 155). |
Smear positive TB patients, further characteristics unknown. |
3 intervention vs 3 control districts. |
Community groups were raised. Material (food), home visits and psychosocial support was provided to patients. Support was partially provided when needed and educational information was given to the community. |
The organizational costs for support committees were included in the annual budgets of respective health districts. |
Loss to follow-up, cure and death are not defined. |
The community group included 14 people. 2–3 traditional healers, 2 former TB patients, 1–2 community health care workers, 3–4 religious leaders, 2–3 people from community associations and 2 nurses. |
| Farmer et al. 1991 [57] |
Haiti’s central plateau, Haiti, LIC. |
Non-randomized controlled study. |
Febr 1989—June 1990. |
60 (I: 30, C: 30). |
(Extra) pulmonary TB (mostly rural) patients. Mean age: 45 years; 33% male; 5% HIV infected patients. |
Intervention vs free usual medical care, comparison within the same time frame. Two districts geographically distinct, but are contiguous to each other. |
Daily home visits during first month and-, a monthly reminder for clinic visits by the community health worker, and no-show home visits by clinic staff, for food supplements 30 US$ per month for the first 3 months and 5 US$ for travel expenses per month. |
Funding source is not reported., however, support was organized by 'Proje Veye Sant'. |
Cure: negative sputum smear at the end of treatment (treatment success). |
Other support: nutritional supplementation. |
| Finlay et al. 2012 [53] |
8 out of 9 provinces, South Africa, UMIC. |
Case-control study. |
Jan 1—Dec 31 2002. |
1164 (I: 232, C: 932). |
TB patients > 18 years old from facility-based national TB registers. HIV rate is unknown. Median age new cases, I: 30 years C: 34 years; median age re-treatment patients, I: 33 C: 39; 58% male. |
Patients that were lost to follow-up vs patients that cured, completed or failed treatment. Comparison within a similar time range and geographical location. |
Given adequate counselling or information. |
Funding source is not reported. |
Loss to follow-up is defined as interrupting treatment for two or more consecutive months during treatment. |
Also information on TB treatment was measured. Sample selection was conducted by multistage sampling of urban and rural sub-samples. |
| Garden et al. 2012 [54] |
Saint Petersburg, Russia, HIC. |
Non-randomized controlled study. |
I: 2001–2004, C: 1998–1999. |
518 (I:142, C:376). |
Homeless TB patients. Age range 23–70. 94% male; 77% has been treated previously for TB; 45% was registered as alcoholics and for 38% no information on this topic was available. |
Intervention vs historical controls (no DOT was provided to the controls). |
Food incentives, and assistance in providing documentation for health care access and social security |
Two Swedish governmental organizations (Swedish East Europe Committee (SEEC) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA): Stockholm Sweden). |
Loss to follow-up is defined as: when not turning up at the dispensary during three consecutive days. Completion: not interrupting treatment. |
. |
| Gelmanova et al. 2011 [66] |
Tomsk City, metropolitan region, Russian Federation, HIC. |
Case series (uncontrolled longitudinal study). |
17 Dec 2006–30 Nov 2008. |
46. |
TB patients that participated in at least one intervention to improve adherence before referral to the Sputnik program.68% aged < 38 years; 76% male, 79% was unemployed, 83% had chronic alcoholism, and 72% had MDR-TB. |
Before and after the referral to Sputnik’s program. Participants came from all over the Tomsk City region. |
More attention and care by health staff, psychological and social assistance (e.g. clothing and assistance with procuring documentation required to access state social service). |
Funding source is unknown. The 'Sputnik' program was implemented as a joint program by the Tomsk Oblast Tuberculosis Services (TOTBS) and Partners in Health (PIH). |
Adherence: the proportion of doses taken over the total prescribed. Loss to follow-up if they missed all doses for 2 consecutive months. Cure, death and failure according to international consensus definitions |
Sputnik’ has a high nurse to patient ratio (2:15), more staff time per patient, provision of cellular telephones to nursing staff (which increases flexibility and easier access to specialists and expanded social and psychological support). Program nurses had training on how to care for patients facing myriad bio-social challenges). |
| Jahnavi& Sudha 2010 [58] |
16, villages in India, LMIC |
Randomized controlled study. |
Aug–Dec 2005 |
100 (I: 50, C: 50) |
TB cases, culture or sputum positive; BMI < 20. 89% aged 18–65 years old; mean age 37; 74% male; Patient with HIV, DM or other severe underlying diseases were excluded. |
Food supplementation and dietary plan vs only general advice and instructions to increase food intake. |
Advice on dietary intake with locally available foods was provided to the patient, to meet the target intake of 35 kcal /day/kg body weight. Every day, the patients also received sweet balls made from wheat flour, caramel, groundnuts and vegetable ghee (6 grams protein and 600 kcal of energy), and 100 grams of sprouted grams and nuts for vitamins and minerals), to be consumed in presence of community worker. |
Funded by the Padova University, Italy. |
Cure: when initially smear-positive who completed treatment had negative smear results on at least two occasions. Completed: When an initially smear-negative patient received the full course of treatment. Death: patients who died during the course of the treatment regardless of the cause. |
The community worker ensured that these supplements were collected and distributed to the patients, and consumed. |
| Jakubowiak et al. 2007 [44] |
Six different regions, Russian Federation, HIC. |
Case-control study. |
March-Sept 2003. |
1527 (I: 1444, C: 84) |
New pulmonary smear positive and smear-negative TB patients 16–86 years old. Mean age: 43 years; 73% male; 37% was unemployed; 13% imprisonment history; 24% alcohol abuse. |
Success vs default, measured in the same time range, from six different regions. |
Varying daily to monthly social and economic support (cost 5–30 US$ per package provided): protein food parcels, food supplementation, hot meal, hygiene kits, clothing and/or footwear, newspapers, board games, reimbursement of travel, legal support, household goods on treatment completion. Psychological support (counselling). |
Funded by the WHO, IFRC and local authorities. Now already 20 regions are implementing joint social support programs to motivate patients to adhere to treatment. |
Treatment success and loss to follow up are according to the WHO definitions. |
Social support was organized and implemented by regional TB services, social welfare services, and the local International Federation of the Red Cross and Crescent Societies (IFRC).The support differed intensely per region. 43.3% of the success group did not received social support. 12.1% of the lost to follow-up group received social support |
| Janmeja et al. 2005 [55] |
Chandigarh, India, LMIC. |
Non-randomized controlled study. |
2001 |
200 (I: 100, C: 100) |
Confirmed new adult cases of pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB patients. Mean age approximately 31 years; 75% male; 38% illiterate. |
NTP program + intervention vs usual NTP program care (routine motivation and education). Measured in the same time range and at the same location. |
Psychotherapy (8 sessions combined with drug-collection visits), biweekly during the first two months, then monthly. |
Funding source is not reported. |
Successful treatment: cure and completed. Cured: 6 months of treatment and negative sputum smear at the end of treatment. Completed: negative sputum smear at 2–6 months, without sputum results at completion. Treatment failure: positive sputum smear or culture at 5 months. Loss to follow-up: stopped taking treatment for 2 months or more. |
The themes for psychotherapy sessions were structured according to the conceptual understanding of an individual patient obtained from pretreatment psychological assessment. Costs: 12 US$ per patient. |
| Liefooghe et al. 1999 [46] |
Sialkot, Pakistan, LMIC |
Randomized controlled trial. |
1 Jan—30 Nov 1995 |
1019 (I: 504, C: 515) |
Adult TB patients, age: 15–45+ years; 42% male; 81% new cases; 40% had a low income job. |
Intervention vs. usual explanations and treatment by medical staff. Measurements at one hospital. |
Counseling. Patients received individual counseling each time they attended for follow-up assessment, and admitted patients received weekly counselling in the tuberculosis ward. Counseling was combined with health education. |
Funded by the Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad, the Belgian co-operation and the Damien Foundation. The intervention was conceived within the framework of Bandura's social-cognitive learning theory. |
Adherence: drug collection at the drug s at the scheduled appointments. Loss to follow-up: no drug collection for 2 months or more. |
The social counsellors had several tasks: verify correct understanding of drug intake, to increase the patients’ motivation, anticipate problems and/or critical moments, to activate a social network and involve family members and to act ombudsperson between the hospital/paramedical team and the patient. Two male and two female para-medics received a 2-week training course in counselling. They belonged to the same socio-economic background as the majority of the patients, and were fluent in the different local vernaculars. |
| Lu et al. 2013 [48] |
Shanghai, China, UMIC. |
Controlled before-and-after study. |
Baseline 2006 and Intervention 2010 |
1935 (I: 2006: 961, 2010: 734, C: 2006: 281, 2010: 229) |
Migrant active TB cases; 59% male, 64% aged 15–34; 86% new cases. |
Intervention group vs control group without support in 2006 and 2010. Both groups consisted of 3 districts that have the same geographical characteristics. |
Transportation subsidies of US$ 14.63 a month and living allowances of US$ 4.39 a month. |
The initial project was made possible through a governmental special financing program (WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific) |
Treatment success: cure (with bacteriologic evidence of success), or completion (without bacteriologic evidence of success). |
. |
| Lutge et al. 2013 [47] |
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, UMIC. |
Randomized controlled trial. |
July 2009—March 2010 |
4091 (I: 2107, C: 1984) |
Adults and children diagnosed with pulmonary, drug-sensitive TB, mean age: 31 years; 52% male; 49% HIV positive patients; 56% unemployed. |
Incentive treatment vs usual care. 20 public sector clinics were enrolled in rural and urban districts (10:10) |
15 US$ voucher was offered to patients every month on collection of their treatment, to a maximum of eight months. Vouchers were redeemed at local shops |
Governmental funding. |
Successful treatment, the sum of those patients cured and completing treatment. Loss to follow-up and failure was a secondary outcome, however not defined. |
In many cases nurses withheld vouchers from eligible patients whom they felt were relatively better off financially. |
| Macq et al. 2008 [59] |
9 rural municipalities, Nicaragua, LMIC. |
Non-randomized controlled study. |
Diagnosed between March 2004 and July 2005 |
286 (I: 122, C: 146) |
New AFB positive TB patients. Average age: 35 years; 73% male; 49% without declared income. |
5 intervention municipalities vs 4 control municipalities (these are the municipalities were the intervention was not effectively implemented). |
Strengthening the TB patients through TB clubs taking the form of self-help groups. Additionally arranged home visits, reduce stigma and choice of DOT supporter. At least home visits and TB clubs were implemented in de intervention municipalities |
TB clubs were chaired by TB patients and appointed an executive board. A local NGO supported this. The project influenced the National policies about the care of TB in government health services. The National TB program of the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health, the administer of the Global Fund (the NGO NICASALUD), the Damian Foundation (Belgian NGO) and a public health school were involved |
Treatment success and loss to follow-up (and stigma reduction), no definition(s) available. |
The aim was to increase the relationship between health personnel and TB patients and their realities through performing patient centered home visits to support the patient. And also plan social network activities the patient during the treatment. The interventions received full participation of MOH authorities. And TB clubs had been included in the 2005 Global Fund grant for Nicaragua. |
| Martins et al. 2009 [60] |
Dili, Timor-Leste, LMIC. |
Randomized controlled trial. |
March 2005—Nov 2005 |
270 (I: 137, C: 133) |
Outpatient participants with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Mean age: 33 years; 65% male; 43% unemployed. |
Routine care and nutritional support vs routine care and nutritional advice. The moment of measurement differed between the two groups. From 3 community districts, geographically distinct zones. |
Food provision. The participants received food every time they attended the clinic. In the intensive phase, each day they were provided with one bowl food. During the continuation phase, patients were given a food parcel containing unprepared food to take home; quantities were for one meal per day. |
Funded by Unicef/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special program for research and training in tropical diseases |
Adherence: not defined. Completion: the clearance of acid fast bacilli from the sputum after treatment or the completion of eight months of treatment, or both, including cure. |
. |
| Morisky et al. 1990 [61] |
California, United States of America, HIC. |
Randomized controlled trial. |
Nov 1985—March 1987 |
88 (I: 43, C: 45) |
Subjects receiving preventive therapy and subjects receiving treatment for active TB (divided into two subgroups). Mean age: 35 years; 55% male. |
Intervention vs standard clinic treatment including the use of community workers. Interventions and control came from the same 2 districts. |
Health education counselling for 5–10 minutes and 10 US$ (in coupons) at every monthly visit and 40 US$ at the end of treatment (in coupons). (An incentive scheme to reward positive health behaviors plus targeted educational counseling session). |
Funded by centers for Disease control. Assistance of the project ‘Clerk’, the project health educators and clinical staff |
Treatment adherence: 95% of prescribed medicines taken. And the extent to which a person's behavior (in terms of keeping appointments, taking medications, and executing life-style changes) coincides with medical advice. Loss to follow-up was not defined. |
When an active case missed a clinic appointment (interventions and controls), clinical personnel contacted that individual by phone or by home visit to reschedule a new appointment. Intervention subjects were questioned about their specific regimen, and any misunderstandings concerning their medical treatment program were clarified. |
| Soares et al. 2013 [68] |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, UMIC |
Historically controlled study. |
Controls: 2001–2003 and intervention: 2003—Jun 2008 |
2623 (I: 1771, C: 852) |
TB cases from an urban slum |
Intervention group vs historical control group without support. Similar geographical location. No DOT provided in control group |
DOT, establishment of community health care workers (CHWs) who, led by nurses, established a supportive social network, through this activity the team managed useful services such as transport to TB clinics and donation of food baskets. Also, they and carried out educational activities to enhance TB awareness and promoted breakfasts for patients and their families. The CHWs also collected sputum at home, monitored medical appointment attendance, sent contacts for evaluation and made home visits to supervise treatment |
Funded by United States Agency for International Development through the Johns Hopkins University and the US National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center, Bethesda USA |
Treatment outcome (and TB notification rates). |
Additionally educational activities were supported. The program was an ongoing training program based on regular feedback of the results of the local team and an on-site supervision scheme implemented by the City TB Program staff. The CHW's have contact with the municipal government, which minimizes employee turnover, making the team stable and avoiding the need for constant training. Regimen was intermittent (twice weekly) in continuation phase during intervention. |
| Sripad et al. 2014 [62] |
Four regions, Ecuador, UMIC. |
Historically controlled study. |
Jan 2010-Aug 2010, and from Aug 2011-Jan 2012 |
191 (I: 105, C: 86) |
DR-TB patients [resistance to at least one FLD] that received in-patient care for three months and then outpatient care. Mean age: 38 years; 73% male; 63% MDR TB. |
Intervention group vs historical control group without support. 3 different regions vs whole Ecuador. |
All DR-patients received a US$240 bonus after each month of adherence, defined as taking medications on 26 days per month for up to 24months. They can spend their bonuses according to their needs. They planned to spend their money on food, vitamins, rent, transportation, children’s needs and medicine mainly. |
The program was covered by governmental funds. Payments were arranged by the Central Bank of Ecuador, the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion and the NTP. |
Loss to follow-up rate, not defined. |
The program is part of the Ecuador's National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) NTP is a branch of the Ministry of Public Health, is a DOTS-based program with its headquarters in Quito |
| Sudarsanam et al. 2011 [49] |
Southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, India, LMIC |
Randomized controlled trial. |
Jan 2005 –Nov 2005 |
97 (I: 48, C: 49) |
Newly diagnosed TB patients. Age: >12 years; 61.2% male; 20.6% HIV positive |
Supplementation vs non-supplementation group |
The supplementation group received a mixture of cereal and lentil. Three servings a day were provided (930 kcal and 31.5 g protein) and an one-a-day multivitamin tablet. |
Funded by the Fogarty AIDS International Research and Training Program and the Global Infectious Disease Research Training grant |
Cure: pulmonary smear-positive, completed treatment and had negative smear results on two occasions, one of which is at the end of treatment. Completion: Either pulmonary smear positive, completed treatment with negative smears at the end of the intensive phase but none at the end of treatment or pulmonary smear-negative or extra pulmonary and completed treatment. Unsuccessful: failure, death and loss to follow-up |
. |
| Thiam et al. 2007 [51] |
Senegal, LMIC. |
Randomized controlled trial. |
June 2003—May 2004 |
1522 (I: 778, C: 744) |
Newly diagnosed smear positive pulmonary TB. 88% between 15–49 years; 67% male. |
Intervention vs usual NTCP care. Geographical locations of the groups differed. Participants from 16 government districts in Senegal (8:8). |
Reinforced counseling and communication between health personnel and patients, involving community health workers, choice of DOT supporter and reinforcement activities. |
Funded through a special program from the French Ministry of research, called PAL, which was granted in September 2000. |
Cure: negative sputum smear at 8 months and on at least 1 previous occasion. Completion: missing smear results but who had finished their treatment regimen. Loss to follow-up: definitely stopped treatment before completion. |
The total support was divided into four components: improving counseling and communication between health personnel and patients through appropriate training, decentralizing treatment to remote health posts and involving community health workers, strengthening the DOT strategy by giving patients the opportunity to choose their treatment. |
| Wei et al. 2012 [63] |
Shanghai, China, UMIC. |
Controlled before-and-after study. |
Baseline: July 2006—Sept 2007, intervention period: Oct 2007 –Dec 2008 |
183 (I: 90, C: 93) |
Migrant pulmonary TB cases. Average age approx. 33 years; 9% male; 13% illiterate or semi-illiterate. 83% employed. |
Intervention group vs control group without support. The two district names were anonymous to protect the patient’s identities. |
2 US$ per month for transportation for all migrants, and for all poor migrants (after assessment of poverty) a living allowance of 157 US$ was provided (in four installments 47 US$ at the time of diagnosis, 47 US$ at the end of the second month of treatment, 31 US$ at the end of the fourth month of treatment and 31 US$ at the end of the treatment). 78% and 60% of I and C were assessed to live in poverty; 60% of those in I received a living allowance and the transport subsidy. |
Funded by the government. The intervention was designed to fit into the routine practices and job descriptions of the health providers from the CDC, TB clinic in the designated hospitals, and CHCs. |
Loss to follow-up: the proportion of migrant TB patients who defaulted from treatment. Completion: the proportion of TB patients who have successfully completed treatment among all the migrant TB patients (treatment success). Financial burden: Percentage of total costs. |
Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis. In total, this project involved an investment of RMB 52,400, which consisted of RMB 46,000 of financial subsidy and RMB 6,400 of transport incentives. This additional cost prompted an increase of 8% in treatment completion rate in the intervention district as compared to the control district. This suggests that for each percent increase in treatment completion, an additional cost of RMB 6,550 (US$ 1301) was invested in the intervention district. Similarly, this additional cost delivered a reduction of 10% in the default rate in the intervention district compared with the control district, showing that an additional cost of RMB 5,240 (US$825) was needed to reduce each percent in default rates. |
| Zou et al. 2013 [64] |
Shanghai, China, UMIC. |
Controlled before-and-after study. |
For baseline: July 2006—Sept 2007. For intervention: Oct 2007—Dec 2008 |
787 (I1: 90, baseline: 143. I2: 173, baseline: 155. C:93, baseline 133) |
Rural to urban migrant active TB cases. Average age, I1: 30, I2: 33, C: 35 years; more patients from I1 and I2 came to Shanghai alone (65% and 47% compared to 30%) other characteristics for the whole population are unclear. |
Intervention 1 or intervention 2 vs control group without support. Participants came from 3 districts in downtown Shanghai (1:1:1) |
1: A living subsidy of US$ 146 was provided to each poor migrant TB patients (after financial assessment) in four instalments. Every migrant also received US$ 1.50 per month as a transportation incentive. 2: All TB patients, regardless of economic status received a living subsidy of US$ 114 (US$ 19 per month over 6 months) and a transportation incentive of 4.4 US$. |
Intervention 1 funded by the Communicable Disease Research Consortium (COMDIS) for the UK Aid Program. Intervention 2 was funded by the Global Fund. The COMDIS approach did not require extra investment from the health provider as the Global Fund approach did. The COMDIS approach might achieve better cost savings as it focused on providing financial incentives only to poor migrant TB patients |
Treatment success (completion and cure), loss to follow-up and death. Nod definitions available. Financial burden was described as: cost-effectiveness. |
For each percent increase in treatment completion, an additional cost of US$ 1301 was invested in the intervention district. For each percent decrease in loss to follow-up additional costs of US$ 825 was needed. |
