Table 1. Characteristics of Published Studies Recording Physical Activity via Remote Monitoring for >34 hours in People with Multiple Sclerosis.
| Author / Year | MS phenotype | Number of people with RRMS | EDSS score or equivalent PDDS | Device name (Manufacturer) | Modality of the device | Study Design | Mean Age | Experimental Group N | Control Group N | Monitoring Length | Funding source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balantrapu et al, 2014 [23] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 69 of entire sample | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 44 | 40 | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Cavanaugh et al, 2011 [24] | Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS | N/A | < = 4.5 or >4.5 | SAM (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 21 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Dlugonski et al, 2011 [25] | RRMS | 21 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, OMRON pocket pedometer (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Intervention | 18–50 | 21 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Dlugonski & Motl, 2012 [26] | RRMS | 46 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 46 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Dlugonski et al, 2013 [27] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 575 (89.2%) | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X / Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 645 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Doerksen et al, 2007 [28] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 174 | Not stated | Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 196 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Filipovic Grcic et al, 2013 [29] | RRMS | 82 | 0–5.5 | SAM (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 82 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Filipovic Grcic et al, 2011 [30] | RRMS | 49 | 0–5.5 | SAM (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Interventional | 18–50 | 49 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Gijbels et al, 2010 [31] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 23 | 0–5.5 | SAM (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 50 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Gosney et al, 2007 [32] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 174 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 196 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Hale et al, 2008 (c*)[33] | Undefined | N/A | Not stated | The TriTrac RT3 (Stayhealthy Inc.) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | >50 | 11 | 9 | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Klaren et al, 2013 [34] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 711 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-sectional and longitudinal | 18–50 | 800 | 137 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Klassen et al, 2008 [35] | Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS | N/A | 0–5.5 | The TriTrac RT3 (Stayhealthy Inc.) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 30 | 9 | 2–6 days | Private Foundation |
| Kos et al, 2007 [36] | Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS | N/A | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 19 | 10 | 2–6 days | Private Foundation |
| Lamers et al, 2013 [37] | SPMS | N/A | > or = 7 | Motionlogger® Basic, Accelerometers | Upper extremity/ arm movement | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 30 | 30 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Learmonth et al, 2013 [38] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 65 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 82 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Learmonth et al, 2013 [39] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 79 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 96 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Morris et al, 2008 [40] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 151 (SR) | Not stated | ActiGraph accelerometer (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 173 | 136 | 7 days | Government |
| Motl et al, 2013a [41] | RRMS | 269 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 269 | N/A | 7 days—x 6 separated by 6 months | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2007b [42] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 86(a*) | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 133 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2010a [43] | RRMS | 26 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 26 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl & Dlugonski, 2011 [44] | RRMS | 18 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, Digi-Walker SW-201 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Interventional | 18–50 | 18 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2011a [45] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 502 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 561 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation / Government |
| Motl et al, 2011b [46] | Undefined/ Diagnosis of MS | N/A | 6 | SAM | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 33 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2014a [47] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 519 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 536 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation / Government |
| Motl et al, 2014b [48] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 67 | Not stated | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 82 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2012a [49] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 36 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-sectional | 18–50 | 18 | 20 | 7 days—repeated once | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2009a [50] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 246 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 292 | N/A | 7 days | Government |
| Motl et al, 2006a [51] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 26 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 30 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2007c [52] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 174 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 196 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2008a [53] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 246 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 292 | N/A | 7 days | Government |
| Motl et al, 2010b [54] | RRMS | 269 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 269 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Government |
| Motl & McAuley, 2009a [55] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 239 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 292 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Government |
| Motl & McAuley, 2011 [56] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 246 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 276 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Motl & McAuley, 2009b [57] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 246 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 276 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Government |
| Motl & McAuley, 2009c [58] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 246 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 276 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2013b [59] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 215 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) Measuring wheel / GAITRite (CIR Systems, Inc.) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 256 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2013c [60] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 710 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Observational | 18–50 | 786 | 157 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2012b [61] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 40 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*), open-circuit spirometry system (TrueOne, Parvo Medics), GAITRite (CIR Systems, Inc.) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 44 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Motl et al, 2009b [62] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 82 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 133 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2006c [63] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 174 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 196 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2006b [64] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 174 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 196 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2007d [65] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 174 | 0–5.5 | Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 196 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2008b [66] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 65 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 80 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Motl et al, 2007a [67] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 171 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 193 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Pilutti et al, 2012 [68] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 134 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 168 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Pilutti et al, 2014 [69] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 62 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X, Yamax SW-200 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | RCT | 18–50 | 37 | 39 | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Ranadive et al, 2012 [70] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 29 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 33 | 33 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Rietberg et al, 2014 [71] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 26 | 0–5.5 | Vitaport, portable activity monitor (TEMEC Instruments) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 43 | 26 | 1 day | Private Foundation |
| Rietberg et al, 2010 [72] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 26 | 0–5.5 | Vitaport, portable activity monitor (TEMEC Instruments) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 43 | N/A | 2 days—x2 separated by 24hrs | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Sandroff et al, 2013 [73] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 65 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 82 | N/A | 7 days—repeated once | Private Foundation |
| Sandroff et al, 2012 [74] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 66 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 77 | 77 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Sandroff & Motl, 2013 [75] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 37 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164, ActiGraph GT3X (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 41 | 41 | 2–6 days | Private Foundation |
| Scott et al, 2011 [76] | “Primary & Progressive MS” | N/A | Not stated | ActiGraph GT1M (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 15 | 14 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Shammas et al, 2014 [77] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 8 | 0–5.5 | Move II activity sensor (movisens GmbH) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Longitudinal | 18–50 | 11 | N/A | 10 days every 3 months for a year | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Snook et al, 2009 [78] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 58 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 74 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Snook & Motl, 2008 [79] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 62 | 0–5.5 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 80 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Sosnoff et al, 2010 [80] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 56 | 6 | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | >50 | 70 | N/A | 7 days | Not stated/ unfunded |
| Ward et al, 2013 [81] | RRMS | 25 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 25 | 26 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Weikert et al, 2010 [82] | RRMS | 269 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 269 | N/A | 7 days | Private Foundation |
| Weikert et al, 2012 [83] | Mix of RRMS and SP/PPMS | 56 | Not stated | ActiGraph 7164 (b*) | Walking /gait/ LE physical activity | Cross-Sectional | 18–50 | 33 | 33 | 7 days | Private Foundation |
Abbreviations: EDSS = Kurtzke expanded disability scale; PDDS = Patient determined disease steps (correlated to EDSS): PDDS 1 = mild MS disability, PDDS mean 2 or 3 = moderate disability; RRMS = relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SP = Secondary progressive; PPMS = Primary progressive multiple sclerosis; SR = self reported, LE = lower extremity; N/A = not applicable; SAM = StepWatch Activity Monitor
(a*) = 29/86 participants (34%) used an assistive device during the ambulatory tests.
(b*) = Yamax SW-200 is a pedometer. Manufacturer: Yamax-Digiwalker, HRM USA INC, ActiGraph 7164 and GT3X use accelerometers. Manufacturer: Manufacturing Technology Inc /Health One Technology, SAM uses an accelerometer and microprocessor. Manufacturers: Orthocare Innovations/ or Manufacturer: Modus health llc, OMRON pocket pedometer. Manufacturer: HJ-720ITC, OMRON Corporation
(c*) = Study included multiple cohorts with different neurological diagnoses.