Table 6. Summary Characteristics of Studies by Neurological Diagnosis.
| Section a: | MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | ||
| Number of studies | Percent (%) | Notes | |
| Number of Articles Identified | 61 | Median year published: 2011 | |
| Mean Age of Participants / Years | |||
| (18–50) | 49 | 80.3 | |
| (>50) | 12 | 19.7 | |
| Sex | Greater % of females | ||
| Both | 59 | 96.7 | |
| Female only | 2 | 3.3 | |
| MS Phenotype | - 79% of participants in all included MS studies had RRMS | ||
| (RRMS) | 10 | 16.4 | |
| (SPMS) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| (Relapsing and Progressive) | 44 | 72.2 | |
| (“Diagnosed with MS” / Undefined) | 6 | 9.8 | |
| Disability Level (EDSS and PDDS equivalent) | EDSS/PDDS: 6 (2, 3.3%), ≥7 (2, 3.3%) | ||
| (0–5.5) | 40 | 65.6 | |
| (>5.5) | 4 | 6.7 | |
| (Not stated) | 17 | 27.9 | |
| Mean Disease Duration / Years | 0–1 year (0.0%), >1 year– 5 years (0.0%) when reported | ||
| (>5–10) | 28 | 45.9 | |
| (>10–20) | 29 | 47.5 | |
| (>20) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| (Not stated) | 3 | 4.9 | |
| Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Reporting of Tremor | 1 | 1.6 | - As an exclusion criteria [36] |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (1 day) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| (2–6 days) | 3 | 4.9 | |
| (7 days) | 41 | 67.2 | |
| (7 days, repeated once) | 13 | 21.3 | |
| (2 days, x2—separated by 24 hours) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| (7 days, every 6 months—for 2.5yrs) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| (10 days, every 3 months—for 1yr) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring | |||
| *(ActiGraph 7164) | 38 | 62.3 | |
| *(ActiGraph GT3X) | 12 | 19.7 | |
| *(Yamax SW-200 pedometer) | 10 | 16.4 | |
| (Other) | 10 | 16.4 | |
| (StepWatch Activity Monitor) | 5 | 8.2 | |
| (RT3 accelerometer) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| Device Intent | |||
| (Healthcare monitoring) | 53 | 86.9 | |
| (Patient behavior change) | 6 | 9.8 | |
| (Both) | 2 | 3.3 | |
| Device Placement | |||
| (Unaffected hip) | 43 | 70.5 | |
| (Posterior waist) | 4 | 6.6 | |
| (Unaffected ankle) | 4 | 6.6 | |
| (Not stated) | 4 | 6.6 | |
| (Right hip) | 3 | 4.9 | |
| (Both wrists) | 2 | 3.3 | |
| (Right ankle) | 1 | 1.6 | |
| Device Modality | - Both (0, 0.0%) | ||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 60 | ||
| (Upper extremity/arm activity) | 1 | ||
| Defined Acceptable Full Days Monitoring | |||
| (Yes) | 44 | 74.6 | - For yes (44): > 10 hours of data (30, 68.2%), < 60 minutes of zero scores (24, 54.5%), >3 days per week (7, 15.9%), >5 days per week (2, 4.5%), undefined (10, 22.7%) |
| (No) | 15 | 25.4 | |
| Study Setting | Clinic (0, 0.0%) | ||
| (Home/ community) | 48 | 78.7 | |
| (Both Clinic and Home) | 13 | 21.3 | |
| Study Design | |||
| (Observational) | 57 | 93.4 | |
| (Interventional) | 4 | 6.6 | |
| Total N range | |||
| [Control and neurological group] | |||
| (Lowest N) | 11 | - | |
| (Greatest N) | 943 | - | |
| Neurological groups N range | |||
| (Lowest N) | 11 | - | |
| (Greatest N) | 800 | - | |
| Study Funding | Device manufacturer (0, 0.0%) | ||
| (Private Foundation) | 31 | 50.8 | |
| (Not stated/ unfunded at time of publication) | 22 | 36.1 | |
| (Government) | 6 | 9.8 | |
| (Both) | 2 | 3.3 | |
| Section b: | STROKE | ||
| Number of Articles Identified | 41 | Median year published: 2011 | |
| Mean Age of Participants | >50 | 100 | |
| Sex | Both | 100 | |
| Type of Stroke | |||
| (Undefined) | 23 | 56.1 | |
| (Both Ischemic and Hemorrhagic) | 11 | 26.8 | Ischemic (Middle cerebral artery: 2, 14.3%, undefined: 13, 92.9%) |
| (Ischemic) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| (Hemorrhagic) | 2 | 4.9 | |
| (Transient Ischemic Attack) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (other) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| Time Since Stroke | |||
| (≤7 days—acute) | 6 | 14.6 | |
| (8–14 days) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| (>14 days– 3 months) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| (>3 months) | 28 | 68.3 | |
| (Undefined) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis | |||
| (Yes) | 38 | 92.7 | |
| (No) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| Reporting of Tremor | |||
| (Yes) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (No) | 40 | 97.6 | |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (1 day) | 5 | 12.2 | |
| (2–6 days) | 28 | 68.3 | |
| (5 days) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (7 days) | 4 | 9.8 | |
| (24 hours at 4 time points over 6 months) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (3 days at: baseline x2, post-Intervention and 3 month follow-up) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (4 weeks: data from 5 days before and after intervention) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring | |||
| (Other) | 25 | 61.0 | |
| (ActiGraph 7164) | 2 | 4.9 | |
| (StepWatch) | 13 | 31.7 | |
| (Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| (Yamax SW-200 pedometer) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| Device Intent | |||
| (Healthcare monitoring) | 34 | 82.9 | |
| (Behavior change) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| (Both) | 4 | 9.8 | |
| Device Modality | |||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 24 | 58.5 | |
| (Upper extremity/arm activity) | 14 | 34.1 | |
| (Both) | 3 | 7.3 | |
| Defined Acceptable Full Day | |||
| (Yes) | 27 | 65.9 | |
| (No) | 14 | 34.1 | |
| Study Setting | |||
| (Home) | 18 | 43.9 | |
| (Home and Out patient) | 10 | 24.4 | |
| (Home and Hospital—acute care) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (Hospital—acute care) | 9 | 22.0 | |
| (Hospital—acute care and Out patient) | 1 | 2.4 | |
| (Out patient) | 2 | 4.9 | |
| Study Design | |||
| (Observational) | 34 | 82.9 | |
| (Interventional) | 7 | 17.1 | |
| Blinding | |||
| (Yes) | 7 | 17.1 | -If Yes: clinician and analyst (3/5), participant (3/5), researcher and analyst (1/5) |
| (No) | 34 | 82.9 | |
| Total N range | - | ||
| (Lowest N) | 10 | ||
| (Greatest N) | 786 | ||
| Neurological groups N range | - | ||
| (Lowest N) | 8 | ||
| (Greatest N) | 408 | ||
| Study Funding | |||
| (Government) | 14 | 34.1 | |
| (Private Foundation) | 12 | 29.3 | |
| (Not stated/unfunded at time of publication) | 10 | 24.4 | |
| (Both) | 5 | 12.2 | |
| Section c: | PARKINSON’S DISEASE | ||
| Number of Articles Identified | 20 | Median year published: 2012 | |
| Mean Age of Participants | >50 | 100 | |
| Sex | Both | 100 | |
| Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis | |||
| (No) | 20 | 100 | |
| Reporting of Tremor | |||
| (Yes) | 7 | 35.0 | |
| (No) | 13 | 65.0 | |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (1 day) | 4 | 20.0 | |
| (2–6 days) | 6 | 30.0 | |
| (7 days) | 8 | 40.0 | |
| (7 days—repeated once) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| 24 hrs x2, 48 hrs once (each separated by 1 week) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring | |||
| (Other) | 13 | 65.0 | |
| (StepWatch) | 3 | 15.0 | |
| (ActiGraph GT3X) | 2 | 10.0 | |
| (ActivPAL) | 2 | 10.0 | |
| Device Intent | |||
| (Healthcare monitoring) | 19 | 95.0 | |
| (Behavior change) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Device Placement | |||
| (Anterior waist) | 5 | 25.0 | |
| (Posterior waist) | 3 | 15.0 | |
| (Both ankles) | 3 | 15.0 | |
| (Both wrists) | 3 | 15.0 | |
| (Hip unaffected or non-dominant) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| (Multiple limbs) | 5 | 25.0 | |
| Device Modality | |||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 19 | 95.0 | |
| (Upper extremity/arm activity) | 0 | 0.0 | |
| (Both) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Defined Acceptable Full Day | |||
| (Yes) | 12 | 60.0 | - For Yes: greater than 10 hours minutes of zero scores (2), more than 3 days per week (3), undefined (5) |
| (No) | 8 | 40.0 | |
| Study Setting | - | ||
| (Home) | 13 | 65.0 | |
| (Home and Out patient) | 6 | 30.0 | |
| (Hospital—acute care) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Study Design | |||
| (Observational) | 19 | 95.0 | - Cross sectional (17), longitudinal (2) |
| (Interventional) | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Blinding | |||
| (No) | 18 | 90.0 | |
| (Yes) | 2 | 10.0 | - If Yes, who was blinded: participants (1), analyst (1) |
| Total N range | - | ||
| (Lowest N) | 4 | ||
| (Greatest N) | 467 | ||
| Neurological groups N range | - | ||
| (Lowest N) | 4 | ||
| (Greatest N) | 467 | ||
| Study Funding | |||
| (Government) | 5 | 25.0 | |
| (Private Foundation) | 6 | 30.0 | |
| (Both) | 6 | 30.0 | |
| (Not stated/ unfunded at time of publication) | 3 | 15.0 | |
| (Device manufacturer) | (0) | 0.0 | - 1 author: co-inventor of the device, not involved in data collection or analysis of results |
| Section: d | DEMENTIA | ||
| Number of Articles Identified | 11 | Median year published: 2012 | |
| Mean Age of Participants | >50 | 100 | |
| Sex | |||
| (Both) | 11 | 100 | |
| Cognitive Scoring | |||
| (Mild) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| (Moderate) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| (Mild—Moderate) | 3 | 27.3 | - MMSE cut off <24/30: Mild/ Moderate |
| (Moderate—Severe) | 2 | 18.2 | |
| Presumed Pathology | |||
| (Alzheimer’s) | 5 | 45.5 | |
| (Probable Alzheimer’s and other dementia) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Alzheimer’s / Lewy body/ Frontotemporal /other dementia) | 2 | 18.2 | |
| (Dementia diagnosis) | 2 | 18.2 | |
| (Frontotemporal / other dementia) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| Reporting of Paralysis/Paresis | |||
| (No) | 11 | 100 | |
| Reporting of Tremor | |||
| (Yes) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (No) | 10 | 90.9 | |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (2–6 days) | 6 | 54.5 | |
| (7 days) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| (7 days—repeated x4) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Median of 9 days) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring | |||
| (Other) | 11 | 100 | |
| Device Intent | |||
| (Healthcare monitoring) | 11 | 100 | |
| (Behavior change) | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Device Placement | |||
| (Left or non-dominant wrist) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| (Right or dominant wrist | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Both wrists) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Left ankle) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Both ankles) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Right hip) | 1 | 9.1 | |
| (Other/ Multiple limbs) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| Device Modality | |||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 9 | 81.8 | |
| (Upper extremity/arm activity) | 0 | 0.0 | |
| (Both) | 2 | 18.2 | |
| Defined Acceptable Full Day | |||
| (Yes) | 8 | 72.7 | -For Yes: greater than 10 hours of data (2), less than 60 minutes of zero scores (1), more than 3 days per week (1), undefined (4) |
| (No) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| Study Setting | |||
| (Home) | 8 | 72.7 | |
| (SNF) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| Study Design | |||
| (Observational) | 11 | 100 | - Cross sectional (9), longitudinal (2) |
| Blinding | 1 | ||
| (No) | 11 | 00 | |
| Total N range | |||
| (Lowest N) | 12 | ||
| (Greatest N) | 774 | - | |
| Neurological groups N range | - | ||
| (Lowest N) | 10 | ||
| (Greatest N) | 774 | ||
| Study Funding | |||
| (Private Foundation) | 6 | 54.5 | |
| (Both Government and Private) | 2 | 18.2 | |
| (Not stated/ unfunded at time of publication) | 3 | 27.3 | |
| Section e: | TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | ||
| Number of Articles Identified | 1 | ||
| Mean Age of Participants | |||
| (18–50) | 1 | 100 | |
| (>50) | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Sex | Both | 100 | |
| Time Since Diagnosis | |||
| (> 3 months) | 1 | 100 | |
| Device Used in Physical Activity Monitoring | |||
| (ActiGraph GT3X) | 1 | 100 | |
| Device Modality | |||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 1 | 100 | |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (7 days) | 1 | 20.0 | |
| Neurological groups N | 30 | - | |
| Funding | |||
| (Private Foundation) | 1 | 100 | |
| ATAXIA | |||
| Number of Articles Identified | 1 | ||
| Mean Age of Participants | 0 | ||
| (18–50) | 1 | ||
| (>50) | |||
| Sex | Both | 100 | |
| Device Modality | |||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 1 | 100 | |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (7 days) | 1 | 100 | |
| Neurological groups N | 19 | - | |
| Funding | |||
| (Not stated /unfunded at time of publication) | 1 | 100 | |
| ACROSS MULTIPLE NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSES | |||
| Number of Articles Identified | 3 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1 | 33.3 | |
| (TBI/ Stroke) | |||
| (Stroke/PD/MS) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| (PD/AD/Neuromuscular disorder) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| Mean Age of Participants | |||
| (18–50) | 0 | 0.0 | |
| (>50) | 3 | 100 | |
| Sex | Both | 100 | |
| Device Modality | |||
| (Walking/ gait activity) | 3 | 100 | |
| Monitoring Length | |||
| (1 day) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| (7 days) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| (Average of 3 days and 7 days, repeated once) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| Neurological groups N range | |||
| (Lowest N) | 10 | - | |
| (Greatest N) | 50 | - | |
| Funding | |||
| (Government) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| (Private Foundation) | 1 | 33.3 | |
| (Not stated /unfunded at time of publication) | 1 | 33.3 |
Abbreviations: yrs: years, hrs: hours, MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Examination, SNF: Skilled Nursing Facility, N: number,
*: Used in conjunction with another activity monitor TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury, MS: Multiple Sclerosis, PD: Parkinson’s disease, AD: Alzheimer’s disease.