Table 1.

Sample characteristics (N= 2,332)

	Ever Homeless (n=190)	Ever Doubled-Up (n=490)	Low-Income, Housed (n=1,652)	Total (n=2,332)
Individual Level: Child Factors
Child is female	53%	47%	48%	49%
Child has a physical disability	6%*	4%	3%	3%
Child’s health as fair/poor last wave	3%	3%	3%	3%
CBCL internalizing score in the clinical range	25%	23%	19%	20%
CBCL externalizing score in the clinical range	15%**	10%	8%	9%
Individual Level: Parent Factors
Black	66%**	55%	55%	56%
Hispanic	23%*	29%	31%	30%
Mother is immigrant	8%**	9%***	17%	15%
Mother w/HS+ education	17%	17%	19%	18%
Number of children in household	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.6
Mother’s age at birth	23.4	23.0***	24.3	23.9
Mother was married to child’s father	13%*	15%*	19%	18%
Mother was cohabiting with child father	26%***	31%***	43%	39%
Mother has a health condition that limits ability to work	17%**	12%	10%	11%
Mother has depression	33%***	33%***	21%	24%
Mother has drug or alcohol problem	6%***	3%*	1%	2%
Meso Level Variables
Parenting stress	1.4***	1.3***	1.2	1.2
Partner support scale (range 0–6)	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.8
Mother experienced domestic violence	22%***	15%**	10%	11.9%
Exo Level Variables
Homeless Episode last wave	50%***	0%	0%	4%
Doubled-up Episode last wave	10%***	61%***	0%	14%
Household income	$15,672	$14,358***	$17,633	$16,785
Mother received welfare in last 12 months	73%***	67%***	58%	61%
Mother was working	32%**	38%	42%	41%
% non-Hispanic Black in census tract	53%**	45%	45%	46%
% foreign-born residents in census tract	13%	12%**	14%	13%
% 25+ years w/HS+ education in census tract	66%	68%*	66%	66%
% families below poverty level in census tract	24%	20%**	22%	22%

Notes:

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001. (Reference group: Low-income, housed mothers)