Figure 1. Schematic model of stem cell autonomous effects on ventricular arrhythmias .

Candidate cell types are positioned along a continuum at the top of the figure, according to the relative extent of direct repair (engraftment + differentiation) vs. indirect repair (paracrine signalling) they provide. These two modes of repair are also shown (blue rectangles) below, with cardiac function serving as a mediator in between. Pro‐arrhythmic contributions are highlighted in red, with anti‐arrhythmic contributions in green.