Table 4. Risk factors associated with suicide ideation during the past 12 months by WHO region, 2003–2012.
| Characteristics | African Region |
Region of the Americas |
Eastern Mediterranean Region |
South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (% in sample) n = 24 789 | Riska | RR (95% CI)a | No. (% in sample) n = 39 204 | Riska | RR (95% CI)a | No. (% in sample) n = 58 348 | Riska | RR (95% CI)a | No. (% in sample) n = 42 429 |
Riska | RR (95% CI)a | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 12 543 (50.6) | 21.0 | Ref | 19 563 (49.9) | 12.5 | Ref | 30 341 (52.0) | 12.5 | Ref | 21 172 (49.9) | 9.9 | Ref | |||
| Female | 12 246 (49.4) | 25.0 | 1.19 (1.12 to 1.26) | 19 641 (50.1) | 21.3 | 1.70 (1.59 to 1.82) | 28 007 (48.0) | 16.7 | 1.35 (1.27 to 1.44) | 21 257 (50.1) | 14.2 | 1.44 (1.34 to 1.55) | |||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| < 12 years | 1 859 (7.5) | 23.0 | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.15) | 5 489 (14.0) | 17.2 | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 5 601 (9.6) | 12.5 | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.97) | 3 225 (7.6) | 12.5 | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.18) | |||
| 13 years | 3 644 (14.7) | 21.8 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.04) | 9 644 (24.6) | 16.9 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | 12 253 (21.0) | 13.3 | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.97) | 10 310 (24.3) | 11.0 | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.99) | |||
| 14 years | 5 949 (24.0) | 22.9 | Ref | 10 663 (27.2) | 17.2 | Ref | 16 863 (28.9) | 14.4 | Ref | 12 050 (28.4) | 12.0 | Ref | |||
| 15 years | 6 544 (26.4) | 22.7 | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 8 703 (22.2) | 16.5 | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) | 15 404 (26.4) | 15.0 | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.09) | 9 971 (23.5) | 12.0 | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) | |||
| 16+ years | 6 817 (27.5) | 23.7 | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.12) | 4 704 (12.0) | 16.7 | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 8 169 (14.0) | 16.2 | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.21) | 6 873 (16.2) | 12.7 | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.16) | |||
| Attacked in past 12 months | |||||||||||||||
| Never | 12 543 (50.6) | 20.1 | Ref | 25 953 (66.2) | 14.8 | Ref | 37 051(63.5) | 12.9 | Ref | 28 258 (66.6) | 10.6 | Ref | |||
| Once | 4 239 (17.1) | 22.9 | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.25) | 5 489 (14.0) | 18.8 | 1.27 (1.16 to 1.38) | 8 927 (15.3) | 15.3 | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.22) | 5 558 (13.1) | 13.0 | 1.24 (1.11 to 1.36) | |||
| ≥ 2 times | 8 007 (32.3) | 26.7 | 1.33 (1.22 to 1.45) | 7 762 (19.8) | 21.2 | 1.43 (1.33 to 1.54) | 12 370 (21.2) | 17.6 | 1.35 (1.26 to 1.44) | 8 613 (20.3) | 14.8 | 1.41 (1.30 to 1.52) | |||
| Bullied in past 30 days | |||||||||||||||
| Never | 12 419 (50.1) | 19.2 | Ref | 26 384 (67.3) | 14.7 | Ref | 40 318 (69.1) | 12.3 | Ref | 29 191 (68.8) | 9.9 | Ref | |||
| 1–2 days | 6 346 (25.6) | 24.3 | 1.27 (1.18 to 1.36) | 7 214 (18.4) | 19.0 | 1.29 (1.21 to 1.38) | 11 028 (18.9) | 16.8 | 1.36 (1.25 to 1.47) | 7 934 (18.7) | 14.5 | 1.46 (1.35 to 1.57) | |||
| ≥ 3 days | 6 024 (24.3) | 27.8 | 1.45 (1.35 to 1.54) | 5 606 (14.3) | 22.0 | 1.50 (1.39 to 1.61) | 7 002 (12.0) | 21.3 | 1.71 (1.56 to 1.86) | 5 304 (12.5) | 16.4 | 1.65 (1.50 to 1.80) | |||
| Went hungry in past 30 days | |||||||||||||||
| Never | 9 445 (38.1) | 21.4 | Ref | 25 875 (66.0) | 16.6 | Ref | 35 651 (61.1) | 13.8 | Ref | 20 154 (47.5) | 11.2 | Ref | |||
| Sometimes/rarely | 11 973 (48.3) | 23.5 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.16) | 11 879 (30.3) | 17.0 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) | 19 547 (33.5) | 14.5 | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 20 239 (47.7) | 12.2 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) | |||
| Mostly/always | 3 371 (13.6) | 24.6 | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.26) | 1 451 (3.7) | 19.3 | 1.16 (1.02 to 1.30) | 3 676 (6.3) | 17.5 | 1.23 (1.12 to 1.34) | 2 037 (4.8) | 15.1 | 1.35 (1.21 to 1.49) | |||
| Number of close friends | |||||||||||||||
| Three or more | 9 222 (37.2) | 21.1 | Ref | 25 639 (65.4) | 15.6 | Ref | 35 125 (60.2) | 12.9 | Ref | 31 016 (73.1) | 11.2 | Ref | |||
| One or two | 12 568 (50.7) | 22.9 | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.15) | 10 781 (27.5) | 18.0 | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.22) | 19 547 (33.5) | 15.5 | 1.20 (1.12 to 1.28) | 9 292 (21.9) | 13.0 | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.25) | |||
| None | 2 975 (12.09) | 28.6 | 1.36 (1.25 to 1.47) | 2 783 (7.1) | 22.9 | 1.47 (1.34 to 1.59) | 3 676 (6.3) | 22.5 | 1.73 (1.57 to 1.89) | 2 121 (5.0) | 15.9 | 1.42 (1.27 to 1.58) | |||
| Lonely in past 12 months | |||||||||||||||
| Never/rarely | 12 370 (49.9) | 20.3 | Ref | 23 914 (61.0) | 12.3 | Ref | 37 051 (63.5) | 11.5 | Ref | 24 948 (58.8) | 9.4 | Ref | |||
| Sometimes | 8 577 (34.6) | 22.7 | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) | 10 781 (27.5) | 17.8 | 1.45 (1.35 to 1.54) | 12 428 (21.3) | 14.7 | 1.30 (1.20 to 1.40) | 13 365 (31.5) | 12.2 | 1.30 (1.22 to 1.39) | |||
| Mostly/always | 4 115 (16.6) | 30.7 | 1.51 (1.39 to 1.63) | 4 508 (11.5) | 31.9 | 2.58 (2.40 to 2.77) | 8 811 (15.1) | 23.2 | 2.04 (1.90 to 2.18) | 4 073 (9.6) | 21.9 | 2.34 (2.12 to 2.55) | |||
| Parental understanding | |||||||||||||||
| Mostly/always | 9 692 (39.1) | 20.3 | Ref | 17 171 (43.8) | 13.3 | Ref | 25 615 (43.9) | 11.3 | Ref | 15 274 (36.0) | 9.2 | Ref | |||
| Sometimes | 5 999 (24.2) | 22.5 | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.18) | 7 449 (19.0) | 15.7 | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28) | 10 269 (17.6) | 13.7 | 1.22 (1.12 to 1.33) | 10 565 (24.9) | 10.6 | 1.16 (1.05 to 1.26) | |||
| Never/rarely | 9 098 (36.7) | 26.0 | 1.28 (1.19 to 1.37) | 14 584 (37.2) | 20.8 | 1.57 (1.47 to 1.67) | 22 464 (38.5) | 17.8 | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.64) | 16 590 (39.1) | 14.7 | 1.60 (1.48 to 1.72) | |||
| Smoking in past 30 days | |||||||||||||||
| 0 days | 22 211 (89.6) | 22.0 | Ref | 32 892 (83.9) | 15.6 | Ref | 52 513 (90.0) | 13.4 | Ref | 38 101 (89.8) | 11.4 | Ref | |||
| 1–5 days | 1 487 (6.0) | 23.5 | 1.31 (1.15 to 1.48) | 3 803 (9.7) | 20.4 | 1.30 (1.17 to 1.44) | 3 209 (5.5) | 20.6 | 1.50 (1.34 to 1.66) | 2 461 (5.8) | 15.8 | 1.38 (1.24 to 1.52) | |||
| ≥ 6 days | 1 091 (4.4) | 24.6 | 1.39 (1.22 to 1.56) | 2 548 (6.5) | 24.3 | 1.56 (1.40 to 1.71) | 2 626 (4.5) | 22.0 | 1.61 (1.39 to 1.83) | 1 824 (4.3) | 15.1 | 1.32 (1.14 to 1.50) | |||
| Drink alcohol in past 30 days | |||||||||||||||
| 0 days | 19 509 (78.7) | 21.0 | Ref | 26 855 (68.5) | 14.2 | Ref | 47 554 (81.5) | 13.0 | Ref | 37 380 (88.1) | 10.9 | Ref | |||
| 1–2 days | 2 876 (11.6) | 27.4 | 1.31 (1.18 to 1.44) | 7 606 (19.4) | 20.4 | 1.44 (1.34 to 1.54) | 6 535 (11.2) | 18.7 | 1.39 (1.27 to 1.51) | 3 352 (7.9) | 16.8 | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.67) | |||
| ≥ 3 days | 2 380 (9.6) | 30.9 | 1.47 (1.35 to 1.60) | 4 744 (12.1) | 23.7 | 1.67 (1.53 to 1.81) | 4 259 (7.3) | 20.9 | 1.68 (1.50 to 1.86) | 1 697 (4.0) | 18.5 | 1.69 (1.50 to 1.88) | |||
CI: confidence interval; Ref: Reference group; RR: Relative risk; WHO: World Health Organization.
a Predicted risks of suicide ideation and RRs were estimated from multivariable logistic regression models that additionally include fixed effects for country and survey year.
Note: Inconsistencies arise in some values due to rounding.
Data source: Global School-Based Health Survey.19