Table 3. Least-square mean estimates for measures of adipositya across income levels, by sex and human development index.
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | P for trendb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | |||||
| ISCOLE 10th percentile of HDI | |||||
| Obesity prevalence | 5.0 (2.3) | 14.1 (5.4) | 13.4 (5.3) | 21.2 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI z-score | −0.19 (0.20) | 0.27 (0.21) | 0.36 (0.21) | 0.77 (0.20) | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 15.8 (1.1) | 18.1 (1.1) | 18.6 (1.1) | 20.6 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| ISCOLE 50th percentile of HDI | |||||
| Obesity prevalence | 10.8 (2.2) | 14.8 (2.8) | 15.0 (2.9) | 14.3 (2.7) | 0.05 |
| BMI z-score | 0.40 (0.11) | 0.54 (0.11) | 0.55 (0.11) | 0.62 (0.11) | 0.003 |
| Body fat (%) | 18.5 (0.6) | 19.0 (0.6) | 19.0 (0.6) | 19.2 (0.6) | 0.15 |
| ISCOLE 90th percentile of HDI | |||||
| Obesity prevalence | 20.9 (5.3) | 15.5 (4.1) | 16.6 (4.4) | 9.5 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| BMI z-score | 0.96 (0.16) | 0.80 (0.15) | 0.73 (0.15) | 0.48 (0.15) | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 21.1 (0.8) | 19.8 (0.8) | 19.5 (0.8) | 17.9 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Girls | |||||
| ISCOLE 10th percentile of HDI | |||||
| Obesity prevalence | 4.8 (2.0) | 6.5 (2.6) | 8.9 (3.4) | 13.0 (4.3) | 0.001 |
| BMI z-score | −0.13 (0.16) | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.26 (0.16) | 0.50 (0.15) | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 19.2 (1.3) | 20.2 (1.2) | 21.1 (1.3) | 22.3 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| ISCOLE 50th percentile of HDI | |||||
| Obesity prevalence | 8.8 (1.6) | 9.2 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.6) | 8.9 (1.7) | 0.95 |
| BMI z-score | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.08) | 0.07 |
| Body fat (%) | 22.0 (0.6) | 22.2 (0.6) | 22.2 (0.7) | 22.4 (0.7) | 0.29 |
| ISCOLE 90th percentile of HDI | |||||
| Obesity prevalence | 15.2 (3.5) | 12.7 (3.0) | 8.3 (2.3) | 6.1 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI z-score | 0.71 (0.12) | 0.63 (0.11) | 0.50 (0.12) | 0.34 (0.12) | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 24.6 (0.9) | 24.1 (0.9) | 23.3 (0.9) | 22.6 (0.9) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDI, Human Development Index.
a
Least-square mean estimates of adiposity measures at HDI levels corresponding to the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles of the ISCOLE country sample (HDI=0.52, 0.72 and 0.91, respectively).
b
Test for linear trend (linear contrast) across the four income levels.