Table 2.

Comparison of different frameworks for international collaboration with Emerson et al.’s [17] model of collaborative governance focusing on the development and implementation of the collaboration

	Drivers of the collaboration	Members of the collaboration	Principled engagement	Shared motivation	Capacity for joint collaboration
Dowling et al. [19]	-  Agreement on need for collaboration		-  Agreement on purpose of collaboration	-  Engagement and commitment -  Trust, reciprocity and respect	-  Favorable environment -  Accountability procedures -  Leadership and management
Googlins and Rochlin [7]	-  Obtaining commitment from leadership		-  Defining clear goals		-  Frequent communication -  Allocating human resources for specific tasks -  Sharing of resources
Huxham et al. [13]	-  Working relationships -  Need for multiple partners	-  Members partaking in the collaboration			-  Working relationships -  Governance and responsibilities -  Representatives of collaboration
KFPE [20]			-  Setting the agenda together	-  Interaction with stakeholders -  Promoting mutual learning	-  Clarifying responsibilities -  Sharing data and networks
Lasker et al. [10]	-  Leadership -  Management			-  Partner participation -  Partner relationships	-  Staff support -  Sufficient resources -  Management -  Communication -  Governance -  Partnership structure
Lowndes and Skelcher [21]	-  Pre-partnership collaboration		-  Partnership creation and consolidation	-  Pre-partnership collaboration	-  Partnership creation and consolidation