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. 2016 Apr 29;10:36. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00036

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Copyright © 2016 Dash, Hergenroeder, Jeter, Choi, Kobori and Moore.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TBI reduces glutathione recycling through the gamma-glutamyl cycle. (A) Simplified schematic showing the enzymes and intermediates for the gamma-glutamyl cycle. Molecules detected and measured in the current study are presented in bold text. Key enzymes are indicated by italic text. The levels of the gamma-glutamyl amino acids (B) gamma-glutamylvaline and (C) gamma-glutamylleucine, and the intermediate (D) 5-oxoproline are significantly reduced in the plasma of sTBI patients compared to HV, and mTBI groups. GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; GGCT: gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase. Horizontal bar indicates mean. *p < 0.05.