Extended Data Figure 1. Collating data from studies of the microbiota of hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, agrarians from Malawi and Venezuela, and Westerners from the United States reveals that Western populations have depleted alpha diversity from birth through childbearing years and are missing bacterial taxa present in the traditional groups.

a, Scatterplot of fecal microbiota of individuals plotted by phylogenetic diversity against age of the Hadza hunter-gatherers from Tanzania (n=16, green), agrarians from Malawi (n=81, red) and Venezuela (n=78, purple) and Americans (n=213, blue) b, Individuals plotted by unweighted UniFrac PC1 versus phylogenetic diversity. c, Individuals plotted by unweighted UniFrac PC1 versus age. d, Line plot of unique OTUs from fecal microbiota across populations (Americans, n=315; Malawi and Venezuela, n=213; Tanzania, n=27). OTUs (x-axis; black, present; white, absent) are considered present if represented by ≥ 0.001% of reads within each population. OTUs were sorted along the x-axis by their relative abundance in the U.S. and Tanzanian populations and further subdivided by their distributions within a population into tracks (red > 0.05%, yellow ≤ 0.05%, and green ≤ 0.01%, relative abundance). The line’s opacity is the proportion of that population that meets the criteria for that respective track.