. 2016 Mar 25;16(4):434. doi: 10.3390/s16040434

Table 8.

Device characteristics (n = 17).

Study	Type of Sensors	Location of Sensors	Type of Biofeedback	Function of Device
Afzal et al. 2015 [49]	Plantar force sensors	Heel, toe, 1st and 5th MT heads	Vibrotactile	Diagnose gait abnormalities and provide vibration feedback to help compensate for the asymmetric gait.
Byl et al. 2015 [47]	Plantar force sensors	Toe, 1st and 2nd MTP, 4th and 5th MTP, and heel	Visual	Gait training with visual kinematic feedback on iPad.
	Accelerometer	Shank and thigh
	Magnetometer
	Gyroscope
Crea et al. 2015 [48]	Plantar force sensors (64 at each insole)	Plantar surface of the foot	Vibrotactile	Provide simultaneous vibration based on the detected gait phase transitions.
Grewal et al. 2015 [43]	Accelerometer	Shank, thigh and lower back	Auditory & Visual	Provide audio-visual feedback on a display of the sway of COM and ankle joints
	Magnetometer
	Gyroscope
Ma et al. 2015 [28]	Plantar force sensors	Heel, 1st and 5th MT heads	Vibrotactile	Provide vibrotactile feedback of postural sway.
Caudron et al. 2014 [67]	Accelerometer	Cranial vertex and the spine processes of the T7-T8	Visual	Real time biofeedback of anterior-posterior trunk and head tilts
Caudron et al. 2014 [67]	Magnetometer	Cranial vertex and the spine processes of the T7-T8	Visual
Halicka et al. 2014 [75]	Accelerometer	Posterior side of T4, L5	Visual	Capture body sway and provide visual biofeedback
Halicka et al. 2014 [75]	Force plate	Posterior side of T4, L5	Visual	Capture body sway and provide visual biofeedback
Franco et al. 2013 [89]	Accelerometer	Posterior side of L5	Auditory	Monitor the trunk angular evolution during bipedal stance and improve user’s balance through auditory biofeedback by earphone
	Magnetometer
	Gyroscope of a smartphone
Nanhoe-Mahabier et al. 2012 [36]	Angular velocity sensors	Lower back at level L1-L3	Vibrotactile	Deliver vibrotactile feedback of trunk sway to head
Nataraj et al. 2012 [63]	Accelerometer	Pelvis and torso	Electrotactile	Estimate COM acceleration using inputs from body-mounted accelerometer measurements.
Nataraj et al. 2012 [63]	Accelerometer	Pelvis and torso	Electrotactile	Deliver stimulation via surgically implanted intramuscular electrodes to bilateral muscle groups of trunk and lower limb
Sungkarat et al. 2011 [50]	Plantar force sensors	Heel of the paretic foot	Auditory	Rehabilitation and gait training based on footswitch and the amount of weight bearing at the paretic limb
Alahakone et al. 2010 [110]	Accelerometer	Lower back	Vibrotactile & Visual	Measure the ML trunk tilt angles
	Gyroscope			Custom-developed software for data processing, data display and feedback generation
	Temperature sensor
Janssen et al. 2010 [68]	Accelerometer	Head or upper trunk	Vibrotactile	Detect head or body tilt
Janssen et al. 2010 [68]	Accelerometer	Head or upper trunk	Vibrotactile	Deliver vibrotactile biofeedback to the waist.
Giansanti et al. 2009 [64]	Accelerometer	Body centre of mass (COM).	Auditory	Assess the trunk sway and provide biofeedback information
Giansanti et al. 2009 [64]	Gyroscope	Body centre of mass (COM).	Auditory	Assess the trunk sway and provide biofeedback information
Lee et al. 2007 [51]	Plantar force sensors	Heel and the 3rd MT head of the prosthetic foot	Electrical & Visual-auditory	Detect heel strike and toe off.
Lee et al. 2007 [51]	Plantar force sensors	Heel and the 3rd MT head of the prosthetic foot	Electrical & Visual-auditory	Provide sub-threshold low-level electrical stimulation to the quadriceps, and visual-auditory biofeedback on a screen
Chiari et al. 2005 [65]	Accelerometer	Trunk	Auditory	Measure the linear accelerations of the trunk in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions
Chiari et al. 2005 [65]	Accelerometer	Trunk	Auditory	Provide audio-biofeedback via headphones
Wall et al. 2001 [32]	Accelerometer	Head	Vibrotactile	Measure lateral head tilt and mount vibrotactile elements on the body to display head tilt
Wall et al. 2001 [32]	Gyroscope	Head	Vibrotactile