Table 1.
Sensors tested in relation with physical activity in T1DM patients and their specific use in research articles.
| General Purpose | Product | Company | Sensors | Specific Use in the Articles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monitoring glucose dynamic during physical exercise | Physical Activity Monitoring System (PAMS) | Crossbow Technology, San Jose, CA, USA | -2 tri-axial accelerometers (CXL02LF3-R) | Evaluation of glucose dynamic during physical exercise [24,40] |
| -4 inclinometers (CXTA02) | ||||
| Physiological signals to estimate glucose level | BodyMedia SenseWear® Pro Armband | SWA; BodyMedia, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA, USA | -A 2-axis accelerometer | Direct estimation of glucose level based on multisensor data [41] |
| -Heat-flux sensor | ||||
| -Thermistors | ||||
| -Galvanic skin response sensor | ||||
| -ECG electrodes | ||||
| Vital signals and CGM | Zephyr BioHarnessTM 3 | Zephyr Technology, Annapolis, MD, USA | -Heart rate -A 3-axis accelerometer |
Integration of heart rate and accelerometer monitoring in the glucose level estimation algorithm [42] |
| Integration of accelerometer monitoring in the glucose level estimation algorithm [43] | ||||
| Sport Watch: Polar: model RS800CX | Polar®, Lake Success, NY, USA | -Heart rate | Integration of heart rate monitoring in the glucose level estimation algorithm [44] | |
| Digital Holter monitor, SpiderView Plus | ELA Medical, Montrouge, France | -ECG monitor | Integration of heart rate variability in the glucose level estimation algorithm [45,46] | |
| BodyMedia SenseWear® Pro3 Armband | SWA; BodyMedia, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA, USA | -A 2-axis accelerometer | Integration of energy expenditure and galvanic skin response in a glucose level estimation algorithm [47,48] | |
| -Heat-flux sensor | ||||
| -Thermistors | ||||
| -Galvanic skin response sensor | ||||
| -ECG electrodes | ||||
| Physical activity and NI-CGM | Multisensor Glucose Monitoring System (MGMS) | Solianis Monitoring AG , Zurich, Switzerland | -Accelerometer | Integration of temperature, sweat and acceleration and position in the glucose level estimation algorithm [23,49,50,51] |
| -Temperature sensor | ||||
| -Humidity sensor | ||||
| -Optical sensor | ||||
| -Dielectric spectroscopy (for glucose monitoring) | ||||
| SensiumVitals | Sensium Healthcare Ltd, London, UK | -Heart rate | Reliability of the cardiac and respiratory rates estimates [52] | |
| -Respiratory rate | ||||
| -Physical activity | ||||
| -Blood pH | ||||
| -Glucose level |