Table 1.
A summary of empirical findings of altered ERP responses to facial and vocal emotional stimuli in children and adolescents with psychopathology.
| Psychopathology type | n | Age (Years) | Sample | Task | Emotion | ERP effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | ||||||
| Facial cues | ||||||
| Williams et al., 2008 | 51 ADHD 51 controls | 8–17 | Clinical | Emotion recognition | A, H, S, F, Di, N | ↓ P120, ↑ N170, ↓ P300 amplitudes to anger in ADHD |
| Chronaki et al., 2010 | 41 children | 6–11 | Community | Emotion recognition | A, H, N | ↓ Slow Wave to anger with increased hyperactivity |
| Tye et al., 2014 | 18 ADHD 26 controls | 8–13 | Clinical | Emotion recognition | A, H, F, Di, N | Reduced fear and happy N400 modulation in ADHD |
| Köchel et al., 2014 | 16 ADHD 16 controls | 8–12 | Clinical | Emotional Go/NoGo | A, H, S, N | ↓ P300 amplitude in ADHD |
| Vocal cues | ||||||
| Chronaki et al., 2015a | 25 ADHD 25 controls | 6–11 | Clinical | Emotion recognition | A, H, N | ↑ N100 amplitude to anger in ADHD |
| Conduct disorder | ||||||
| Vocal cues | ||||||
| Hung et al., 2013 | 20 CD 20 controls | 13–19 | High-secure offenders | Oddball Neutral-‘standards’ Fear/sad-‘deviants’ | F, S, N | ↑ MMN amplitude to fear in CD |
| Anxiety and depression | ||||||
| Facial cues | ||||||
| DeCicco et al., 2012 | 32 children | 5–7 | Community | Reappraisal | Pleasant, unpleasant, N | ↑ LPP amplitude to unpleasant in high anxiety |
| Solomon et al., 2012 | 39 children | 5–7 | Community | Passive viewing | Pleasant, unpleasant, N | ↑ LPP amplitude to unpleasant in fearful Children |
| Kujawa et al., 2015 | 53 Anxiety 37 controls | 7–19 | Clinical | Emotional face-matching | A, H, F, N | ↑ LPP amplitude to anger and fear in anxiety |
| Autism spectrum disorder | ||||||
| Facial cues | ||||||
| Dawson et al., 2004 | 29 ASD 22 controls | 3–4 | Clinical | Emotion recognition | F, N | No emotion N300 and NSW modulation in ASD |
| Batty et al., 2011 | 15 ASD 15 controls | 5–16 | Clinical | Implicit emotion processing | A, H, S, F, Di, Sur, N | ↑ P1 and N170 latency across emotions in ASD |
| Wagner et al., 2013 | 18 ASD 20 controls | 13–21 | Community (with ASD diagnosis) | Passive viewing | A, F, N | No emotion P1 and N170 modulation in ASD |
| Apicella et al., 2013 | 10 ASD 12 controls | 6–13 | Clinical | Passive viewing | H, H, N | ↓ P1 and N170 amplitude ↑ P1 and N170 latency in ASD |
| Tye et al., 2014 | 19 ASD 26 controls | 8–13 | Clinical | Emotion recognition | A, H, F, Di, N | ↓ N170 amplitude across emotions in ASD |
| Vocal cues | ||||||
| Chin-hsuan, 2011 | 23 ASD 23 controls | NA | Clinical | NA | A, H | ↓ MMN amplitude to anger in ASD |
| Korpilahti et al., 2007 | 13 Asperger syndrome 13 controls | 9–12 | Clinical | Passive oddball Happy-‘standard’ Angry – ‘deviants’ | A, H (tender) | ↑ N100 and MMN latency across emotions in Asperger |
| Multimodal | ||||||
| Lerner et al., 2013 | 34 ASD No controls | 10–16 | Clinical | Emotion recognition | A, H, S, F (faces and voices) | N100 and N170 latencies were positively correlated with emotion recognition errors in ASD |
A, anger; H, happy; S, sad; F, fear; Di, disgust; Sur, surprise; N, neutral. ERP effects relate to findings in the experimental group (i.e., ADHD).