GL shows no significant effect in mRNA level of Cyp2e1, Cyp3a11, or Cyp1a2 or modifying APAP metabolic activation. (A–C) Effect of GL and/or APAP injection in the mRNA level of Cyp2e1 (A), Cyp3a11 (B), and Cyp1a2 (C). (D–F) Effects of GL (D), GA (E), and 18β-GA (F) in production of NAPQI-GSH in APAP/mouse liver microsome incubation system. Serum NAPQI-GSH (G) and NAC-APAP (H) level. Control, saline-treated mice; Single GL50, only single GL 50 mg/kg-treated mice; APAP, saline/APAP-treated mice; Single GL50 + APAP, single injection of GL 50 mg/kg (i.p.)/APAP-treated mice. Multiple GL50 + APAP, multiple injections of GL 50 mg/kg (i.p.)/APAP-treated mice. DCC, ammonium diethyldithiocarbamate; KET, ketoconazole. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M., n = 5 mice in each group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001 versus control mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus APAP-overdosed mice.