Table 1. Case reports and case series of co-infection with Plasmodium and dengue virus.
| Reference | Year | Country | # of subjects with co-infection | Plasmodium species | Method of Malaria Diagnosis | DENV serotype | Method of Dengue Diagnosis | Death | Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arya | 2005 | India | 2 | Pv | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | |
| Charrel | 2005 | Guinea, Senegal, and Sierra Leone | 1 | Pf | microscopy | 3 | culture, IgM | NR | |
| Bhalla | 2006 | India | 1 | Pf | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | |
| Ali | 2006 | Pakistan | 9 | Pf = 1Pv = 8 | microscopy | NR | IgM | Yes | One death occurred in the only Pf-infected subject |
| Deresinski | 2006 | India | 1 | Pv | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | |
| Ward | 2006 | East Timor | 1 | Pf | microscopy (RDT negative) | NR | IgM | Yes | |
| Thangaratham | 2006 | India | 1 | Pv | microscopy | 2 | culture, IgM | No | |
| Kaushik | 2007 | India | 1 | Pf & Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM | No | Three pathogens: DENV, Pf, and Pv |
| Abassi | 2009 | Pakistan | 26 | Pf = 1Pv = 25 | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | Compared co-infections with DENV mono-infection; more anemia and thrombocytopenia in co-infection; more leukopenia in DENV mono-infection |
| Chaudhry | 2009 | India | 1 | Pv | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | Four pathogens: DENV, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira sp, and Pv |
| Chander | 2009 | India | 1 | Pf | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | |
| Carme | 2009 | French Guiana | 17 | Pf = 3Pv = 14 | microscopy | 1,3 | culture, IgM, PCR | No | |
| Santana | 2010 | Brazil | 2 | Pv | microscopy | 2 | culture, PCR | NR | |
| Magalhães | 2012 | Brazil | 11 | Pv | microscopy, PCR | 2,3,4 | NS1, PCR | No | Three pathogens: DENV-3, DENV-4, and Pv |
| Epelboin | 2012 | French Guiana | 104 | Pf = 21, Pv = 80, Pf & Pv = 3 | microscopy | 1,2,3 | IgA, IgM, NS1, PCR | NR | Compared co-infection with mono-infections; more severe and more hematologic abnormalities in co-infection |
| Yong | 2012 | Indonesia | 1 | Pf | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | Experienced rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure requiring dialysis; patient visited Indonesia but was evaluated in Singapore |
| Mohapatra | 2012 | India | 27 | Pf = 24, Pv = 2, Pf & Pv = 1 | microscopy | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | Co-infection much more like dengue than malaria |
| Hati | 2012 | India | 46 | Pf = 18, Pv = 28 | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | Co-infection more common during certain times of the year |
| Malhotra | 2012 | India | 1 | Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | |
| Faruque | 2012 | Bangladesh | 1 | Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM | NR | |
| Mushtaq | 2013 | India | 1 | Pf & Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM | No | Three pathogens: DENV, Pf, and Pv |
| Yong | 2013 | Malaysia | 1 | Pv | microscopy | NR | IgM | No | Three pathogens: DENV, Leptospira sp, and Pv |
| Alam | 2013 | India | 1 | Pf | microscopy, RDT | NR | NS1 (IgM negative) | No | Cerebral malaria |
| Assir | 2013 | Pakistan | 17 | Pf = 3, Pv = 14 | microscopy | NR | IgM, NS1, PCR | No | Co-infection similar to mono-infection for most clinical features; more jaundice in mono-infection with Plasmodium or DENV than with co-infection |
| Pande | 2013 | India | 1 | Pf & Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | Three pathogens: DENV, Pf, and PvPregnant |
| Magalhães | 2014 | Brazil | 44 | Pv | microscopy, PCR | 2,4 | IgM, NS1, PCR | No | Co-infection had more jaundice, hepatomegaly, and severe disease than dengue; co-infection had more bleeding than malaria |
| Satyawali | 2014 | India | 1 | Pf | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | Three pathogens: DENV, Pf, Wuchereria bancrofti |
| Issaranggoon | 2014 | Thailand | 1 | Pf | microscopy | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | |
| Kumar | 2014 | India | 1 | Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | Three pathogens: DENV, Orientia tsutsugamushi, and Pv |
| Bhagat | 2014 | India | 3 | Pv | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM, NS1 | No | |
| Swoboda | 2014 | Bangladesh | 19 | NR | microscopy, RDT | NR | IgM | NR | One also had typhoid fever and 13 also had leptospirosis |
DENV: dengue virus; Pf: Plasmodium falciparum; Pv: Plasmodium vivax; NR: not reported; ICT: immunochromatographic test; NS1: dengue antigen NS1; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; RDT: rapid diagnostic test