Table 4. Matched group comparisons of inflammatory marker levels in subjects with co-infection, dengue virus mono-infection, and Plasmodium mono-infection using random effect regression.
| Immune marker | Median (Interquartile Range) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-infection (n = 17) | Dengue virus (n = 51) | Plasmodium (n = 44) | p-value* | |
| Acute phase proteins | ||||
| IL-1β | 0.8 (0.3–1.1) | 0.7 (0.3–1.0) | 1.4 (0.7–2.2) | <0.001# |
| IL-6 | 17.1 (5.8–27.0) | 15.6 (7.8–23.3) | 50.4 (18.9–188.2) | <0.001¶, # |
| TNFα | 6.5 (2.6–32.4) | 8.6 (4.8–19.7) | 11.9 (4.8–24.3) | 0.82 |
| IL-8 | 17.7 (12.7–27.2) | 21.7 (13.8–30.1) | 19.4 (13.6–32.5) | 0.85 |
| Chemokines and growth factors | ||||
| MCP1/CCL2 | 176.3 (113.7–294.5) | 221.2 (109.3–408.1) | 160.0 (55.3–386.2) | 0.07 |
| MIP1α/CCL3 | 292.3 (210.2–400.6) | 295.2 (242.2–421.0) | 362.3 (248.1–526.3) | 0.043¶, # |
| G-CSF | 18.21 (7.2–31.9) | 18.2 (12.3–25.9) | 38.0 (21.6–66.3) | 0.091# |
| IL-7 | 6.5 (3.6–8.6) | 9.0 (6.5–11.8) | 8.2 (5.1–12.6) | 0.04 |
| Th1 | ||||
| IL-12p40 | 22.8 (12.9–28.1) | 20.9 (15.7–28.5) | 34.1 (23.2–53.1) | 0.002¶, # |
| IFNγ | 9.6 (1.0–76.3) | 17.1 (7.2–34.5) | 56.7 (22.1–128.3) | 0.001¶, # |
| Th2 | ||||
| IL-4 | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 2.2 (0.8–3.7) | <0.001¶, # |
| IL-13 | 1.2 (0.3–3.9) | 0.9 (0.3–3.1) | 3.5 (1.0–8.2) | 0.010¶, # |
| Th17 | ||||
| IL-17A | 21.2 (10.4–40.2) | 27.1 (14.8–35.6) | 42.3 (21.3–62.8) | 0.008¶, # |
| Regulatory cytokines | ||||
| IL-10 | 18.6 (2.1–66.4) | 11.7 (6.2–22.8) | 77.8 (18.7–475.4) | <0.001¶, # |
| TGFβ1 | 7.9 (2.3–14.6) | 12.6 (8.2–19.6) | 7.7 (2.1–10.2) | 0.017# |
*Overall comparison across all three groups using a mixed-random effect regression model after adjusting for patient age and number of days with fever
¶ p < 0.05 when comparing co-infected and Plasmodium mono-infected groups in the model
# p < 0.05 when comparing Plasmodium mono-infected and dengue virus mono-infected groups in the model