Table 1. Maternal, Neonatal, and Family Characteristics Tested as Covariates by the 4-Class Exposure Status.
Characteristics | Exposure | Association of covariate with exposure status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSRI exposed | Psychiatric disorder, no medication | SSRI discontinued group | Unexposed | p-value | |||||
n=15,729 | n=9,651 | n=7,980 | n=31,394 | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Maternal age | <.0001 | ||||||||
≤19 | 524 | 3.3 | 954 | 9.9 | 217 | 2.7 | 775 | 2.5 | |
20-29 | 7,426 | 47.2 | 4,530 | 46.9 | 3,632 | 45.5 | 15,523 | 49.5 | |
30-39 | 7,023 | 44.7 | 3,768 | 39.0 | 3,826 | 47.9 | 13,959 | 44.5 | |
≥40 | 756 | 4.8 | 399 | 4.1 | 305 | 3.8 | 1,137 | 3.6 | |
Place of residence | <.0001 | ||||||||
urban | 10,687 | 68.0 | 6,706 | 69.5 | 5,608 | 70.3 | 21,233 | 67.8 | |
semiurban | 2,552 | 16.2 | 1,512 | 15.7 | 1,161 | 14.6 | 5,050 | 16.1 | |
rural | 2,489 | 15.8 | 1,427 | 14.8 | 1,209 | 15.2 | 5,054 | 16.1 | |
Marital status at birth | <.0001 | ||||||||
married or in relationship/divorced | 13,364 | 89.6 | 7,918 | 88.1 | 6,940 | 92.4 | 28,832 | 95.5 | |
Socioeconomic status | <.0001 | ||||||||
upper white collar worker | 1,857 | 11.8 | 1,219 | 12.6 | 1,207 | 15.1 | 5,360 | 17.1 | |
lower white collar worker | 4,954 | 31.5 | 2,824 | 29.3 | 2,683 | 33.6 | 10,479 | 33.4 | |
blue collar worker | 2,493 | 15.9 | 1,435 | 14.9 | 1,263 | 15.8 | 4,271 | 13.6 | |
other a | 3,669 | 23.3 | 2,365 | 24.5 | 1,499 | 18.8 | 5,728 | 18.3 | |
unknown | 2,756 | 17.5 | 1,808 | 18.7 | 1,328 | 16.6 | 5,556 | 17.7 | |
Parity | <.0001 | ||||||||
no previous births | 6,534 | 41.6 | 4,455 | 46.2 | 3,665 | 45.9 | 12,817 | 40.8 | |
Smoking during pregnancy | 4,575 | 29.9 | 2,737 | 29.1 | 1,855 | 23.8 | 3,947 | 12.9 | <.0001 |
Exposure to teratogenicb drugs | 18 | 0.1 | 10 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.2 | 30 | 0.1 | .44 |
Exposure to anxiolyticsc and sedatives | 2,933 | 18.7 | 426 | 4.4 | 329 | 4.1 | 147 | 0.5 | <.0001 |
Exposure to antiepilepticd drugs | 500 | 3.2 | 162 | 1.7 | 77 | 1.0 | 136 | 0.4 | <.0001 |
Entitlement to special reimbursement for any chronic disease ever | 179 | 1.1 | 126 | 1.3 | 94 | 1.2 | 230 | 0.7 | <.0001 |
Preterm birth <37wk | 821 | 5.2 | 608 | 6.3 | 379 | 4.8 | 1,379 | 4.4 | <.0001 |
Birth weight <2,500g | 572 | 3.6 | 430 | 4.5 | 280 | 3.5 | 989 | 3.2 | <.0001 |
Neonatal care unit | 2,405 | 15.3 | 1,160 | 12.0 | 857 | 10.7 | 3,032 | 9.7 | <.0001 |
Maternal history of other psychiatric diagnosese | 3,589 | 22.8 | 2,532 | 26.2 | 997 | 12.5 | 612 | 2.0 | <.0001 |
Maternal history of substance abusef | 1,815 | 11.5 | 1.096 | 11.4 | 525 | 6.6 | 240 | 0.8 | <.0001 |
Paternal history of psychiatric diagnosesg | 3,393 | 21.6 | 2,251 | 23.3 | 1,356 | 17.0 | 2,885 | 9.2 | <.0001 |
Mother's country of birth | <.0001 | ||||||||
other than Finland | 706 | 4.5 | 591 | 6.1 | 367 | 4.6 | 4,280 | 13.6 | |
Parental death | 422 | 2.7 | 243 | 2.5 | 162 | 2.0 | 261 | 0.8 | <.0001 |
Note: Differences between the groups analyzed by χ2 test and when not valid, by Fischer's exact test. Percentages were calculated from non-missing data. Missing values, n (%): place of residence, 66 (0.1); marital status, 3,158 (4.9); previous births, 20 (0.0); smoking during pregnancy, 1,629 (2.5); mother's country of birth, 1 (0.0). SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
E.g. students, housewives, entrepreneurs, unemployed
Teratogenic drugs: purchases of isotretinoin (Anatomic-Therapeutic-Chemical [ATC], code D10BA), acitretin (D05BB02), antineoplastic agents (L01), methotrexate (L04AX03), mychophenolate (L04AA06), misoprostol (A02BB01 and M01AB55), carbimazole (H03BB01) any time during pregnancy or one month prior to pregnancy.
Anxiolytics and sedatives: purchases (ATC codes N05B, N05C) any time during pregnancy or one month prior to pregnancy.
Antiepileptic drugs: purchases (ATC code N03) any time during pregnancy or one month prior to pregnancy.
Maternal history of other psychiatric diagnoses: any other psychiatric diagnosis than depression-related disorders (F20-F48 used as inclusion/exclusion criteria) or substance abuse (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision [ICD-10] F50-F99; 9th Revision [ICD-9] 299, 301-302, 307, 309, 312-319; 8th Revision [ICD-8] 301, 302.10-302.99, 305-308, 310-315), recorded ever before delivery.
Maternal history of substance abuse: (ICD-10) F10-F19; (ICD-9) 291, 292, 303, 304, 305; (ICD-8) 291, 294.30, 303, 304, ever recorded.
Paternal history of psychiatric diagnoses: (ICD-10) F10-F99; (ICD-9) 291-292, 295-309, 312-319; (ICD-8) 291, 294.30, 295-301, 302.10-308, 310-315, ever recorded.