Table 2.
Risk factors in type 2 diabetes African American participants with and without proliferative diabetic retinopathy, USA
| Variable | No DR
|
PDR
|
P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % or mean (SD) | n | % or mean (SD) | ||
| Age, years | 68 | 61.3 (9.3) | 290 | 59.5 (11.2) | 0.21 |
| Female | 68 | 67.6 | 290 | 60.3 | 0.27 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 68 | 15.3 (5.4) | 290 | 21.2 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 68 | 7.6 (1.9) | 289 | 8.5 (2.1) | 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 68 | 34.2 (8.4) | 288 | 33.6 (7.4) | 0.55 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 68 | 104.6 (18.1) | 276 | 106.4 (17.0) | 0.46 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 68 | 136.1 (17.7) | 290 | 152.1 (22.9) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 68 | 81.0 (11.0) | 290 | 82.1 (13.9) | 0.54 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 | 173.7 (35.8) | 215 | 179.8 (52.0) | 0.42 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 51 | 140.3 (70.6) | 211 | 131.4 (85.5) | 0.49 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 | 97.0 (29.2) | 211 | 102.6 (44.6) | 0.39 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52 | 50.0 (19.0) | 214 | 51.9 (18.3) | 0.52 |
| Ever smoked | 68 | 36.8 | 290 | 35.2 | 0.81 |
| Use of insulin medication | 68 | 32.4 | 290 | 76.2 | <0.001 |
DR, diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BP, blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein
*
Chi-square test used for dichotomous variables, t-test used for continuous variables.