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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addict Biol. 2015 Oct 30;22(1):172–183. doi: 10.1111/adb.12316

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) Experiment 1. Mean (± SEM) number of lever presses per min during 3 min choice extinction tests conducted in saline and METH associated contexts. All rats were tested in both contexts and showed a significant preference for the lever previously associated with the non-devalued reward (non-devalued) over that previously associated with the devalued reward (devalued) when tested in the saline context, but not when tested in the METH context. (B) Mean (± SEM) number of lever presses per min in the outcome devaluation extinction test in Experiment 2A (C) Outcome devaluation extinction test in Experiment 2B after which c-Fos immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine neuronal activity during goal-directed responding. In both experiments a significant preference for the non-devalued lever was observed in rats tested in the saline-paired, but not in the METH-paired context. (D). Mean (± SEM) number of lever presses during the negative feedback test in Experiment 2B. As when tested in extinction, a preference for the non-devalued lever was found only in the saline-paired but not the METH-paired context. Hence, rats tested in the METH context were unable to modify their actions even in the face of negative feedback.