Table 3. Parameter estimatesa (odds ratios) for three-level models predicting HIV positive status.
| Men and women | Women only | Men only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Community (cluster) charac. | ||||||
| Gini coefficient | 2.35* | 2.04* | 2.19* | 1.88* | 2.49* | 2.27* |
| Individual demographic char. | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.03*** | 1.02*** | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.04*** | 1.03*** |
| Sex (male) | 0.69*** | 0.39*** | — | — | — | — |
| Residence (urban) | 1.85*** | 1.64*** | 1.91*** | 1.67*** | 1.60*** | 1.50** |
| Working | 1.19** | 1.06 | 1.18** | 1.05 | 1.13 | 1.06 |
| Education | ||||||
| None (Ref.) | ||||||
| Primary | 1.25** | 1.22* | 1.32* | 1.32* | 1.15 | 1.09 |
| Secondary+ | 1.31** | 1.25* | 1.28* | 1.27 | 1.28* | 1.17 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried (Ref.) | ||||||
| Married/living together | 1.36* | 2.16*** | 0.82** | 1.25* | 2.42*** | 3.71*** |
| Not living together | 4.31*** | 3.73*** | 2.90*** | 2.36*** | 6.57*** | 6.19*** |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Lowest (Ref.) | ||||||
| Second | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.11 | 1.10 |
| Middle | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 |
| Fourth | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.12 | 1.07 |
| Highest | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.06 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Roman Catholic (Ref.) | ||||||
| Protestant/other Christian | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.04 |
| Muslim | 0.93 | 0.89 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.90 |
| None/other | 1.22*** | 1.13 | 1.28* | 1.22 | 1.22*** | 1.12 |
| Individual sexual behaviors | ||||||
| # extramarital part. past year | ||||||
| 0 (Ref.) | ||||||
| 1 | — | 1.15 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.14 |
| 2 | — | 0.84 | — | 0.75 | — | 1.06 |
| 3+ | — | 0.81 | — | 1.33 | — | 0.96 |
| # lifetime sex partners | ||||||
| 1 (Ref.) | ||||||
| 2 | — | 2.39*** | — | 2.53*** | — | 2.24*** |
| 3 – 5 | — | 3.64*** | — | 3.95*** | — | 3.31*** |
| 6 – 10 | — | 4.47*** | — | 5.11*** | — | 4.00*** |
| 11+ | — | 5.38*** | — | 4.49*** | — | 4.92*** |
| Condom use last intercourse | — | 2.06*** | — | 2.21*** | — | 2.09*** |
| Any STD past year | — | 2.41*** | — | 2.46*** | — | 2.57*** |
| Random effects | ||||||
| Cluster-level (level 2) variance | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.53 |
| Country-level (level 3) var.b | 2.04*** | 1.84*** | 0.56*** | 0.28*** | 0.51*** | 0.41*** |
| Log likelihood | -17545.25 | -16636.01 | -9990.919 | -9344.24 | -7607.446 | -7297.367 |
| AIC | 35128.51 | 33328.03 | 20017.84 | 18742.48 | 15250.89 | 14648.73 |
| Log likelihood Ratio Test (Χ2)c | 34.69*** | 27.21*** | 24.18*** | 14.44*** | 22.24*** | 17.64*** |
a
Parameters for predictors (fixed effects) are reported as odds ratio; for random effects, the parameter is the variance
b
Significance of random effects evaluated by comparing model with a similar one in which random effects have been constrained to be zero.
c
Compared to model excluding the independent variable
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001