Table 4. Parameter estimatesa (odds ratios) for three-level models predicting HIV positive status.
| Men and women | Women only | Men only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Community (cluster) charac. | ||||||
| Wealth ratio | 1.32** | 1.30*** | 1.25** | 1.24** | 1.36** | 1.35*** |
| Individual demographic char. | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.03*** | 1.02*** | 1.02*** | 1.01 | 1.04*** | 1.03*** |
| Sex (male) | 0.69*** | 0.39*** | — | — | — | — |
| Residence (urban) | 1.83*** | 1.63*** | 1.88*** | 1.66*** | 1.59*** | 1.49*** |
| Working | 1.19** | 1.07 | 1.18** | 1.06 | 1.13 | 1.06 |
| Education | ||||||
| None (Ref.) | ||||||
| Primary | 1.26** | 1.23** | 1.33* | 1.33* | 1.17 | 1.11 |
| Secondary+ | 1.32** | 1.26* | 1.29* | 1.28* | 1.30** | 1.19 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Unmarried (Ref.) | ||||||
| Married/living together | 1.36* | 2.15*** | 0.82** | 1.24* | 2.42*** | 3.72*** |
| Not living together | 4.32*** | 3.74*** | 2.90*** | 2.36*** | 6.59*** | 6.22*** |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Lowest (Ref.) | ||||||
| Second | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.17 | 1.15 |
| Middle | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.19 |
| Fourth | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.22 | 1.16 |
| Highest | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.17 | 1.10 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Roman Catholic (Ref.) | ||||||
| Protestant/other Christian | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.04 |
| Muslim | 0.93 | 0.89 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.89 |
| None/other | 1.22*** | 1.13* | 1.28* | 1.22 | 1.23*** | 1.13 |
| Individual sexual behaviors | ||||||
| # extramarital part. past yr. | ||||||
| 0 (Ref.) | ||||||
| 1 | — | 1.14 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.14 |
| 2 | — | 0.84 | — | 0.74 | — | 1.07 |
| 3+ | — | 0.81 | — | 1.29 | — | 0.96 |
| # lifetime sex partners | ||||||
| 1 (Ref.) | ||||||
| 2 | — | 2.39*** | — | 2.53*** | — | 2.25*** |
| 3 – 5 | — | 3.66*** | — | 3.97*** | — | 3.33*** |
| 6 – 10 | — | 4.49*** | — | 5.13*** | — | 4.02*** |
| 11+ | — | 5.40*** | — | 4.51*** | — | 4.96*** |
| Condom use last intercourse | — | 2.06*** | — | 2.22*** | — | 2.11*** |
| Any STD past year | — | 2.41*** | — | 2.47*** | — | 2.56*** |
| Random effects | ||||||
| Cluster-level (level 2) variance | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.56 | 0.53 |
| Country-level (level 3) var.b | 1.93*** | 2.13*** | 0.77*** | 0.33*** | 0.50*** | 0.41*** |
| Log likelihood | -17553.54 | -16640.29 | -9998.201 | -9346.904 | -7612.116 | -7299.98 |
| AIC | 35145.08 | 33336.57 | 20032.4 | 18747.81 | 15260.23 | 14653.96 |
| Log likelihood Ratio Test (Χ2)c | 18.12*** | 18.67*** | 9.62** | 9.12** | 12.90*** | 12.41*** |
a
Parameters for predictors (fixed effects) are reported as odds ratio; for random effects, the parameter is the variance
b
Significance of random effects evaluated by comparing model with a similar one in which random effects have been constrained to be zero.
c
Compared to model excluding the independent variable
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001