4-PI inhibits C. trachomatis growth when added before EB to RB transition. HeLa cells were treated at different time points prior to or after infection with C. trachomatis D. (A) HeLa cells were left untreated, pre-treated for 24 h with 1 mM 4-PI, inhibitor added only during or directly after infection. The cells were infected with C. trachomatis with an MOI of 0.5 and were methanol fixed 48 h p.i. Chlamydia trachomatis was stained with an FITC-conjugated antibody to C. trachomatis and cells counterstained with Evans blue. Representative images (200× magnification fluorescence) are shown. (B) HeLa cells were left untreated, pre-treated for 24 h with 1 mM 4-PI, or the inhibitor added directly after infection (0 h), 12 h or 24 h p.i. The cells were infected with an MOI of 1 and harvested after 48 h p.i. Fresh HeLa cells were infected with dilutions to titrate the C. trachomatis IFU. All titrations are the mean of three biologically independent replicate samples and error bars represent SD.