Extended Data Figure 5. Pharmacogenetic inactivation of vM GABAergic neurons reduces REM sleep.

a, Brain states in a control (vehicle injection) and a CNO session from an example mouse. The recording session started 20 min after vehicle or CNO injection. b, Probability of each brain state during the first 2.5 hrs of the recording session, following injection of vehicle (gray) or two dosages of CNO (different shades of blue). Error bar, ±s.e.m. (n=6 mice). *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test. c, Similar to (b), but during the second half of the recording session (2.5 to 5 hrs). There was no significant difference between control and CNO at any dosage (P>0.12). d, Latency of first REM sleep episode (from the beginning of each recording session). e, Frequency of REM episodes during the first 2.5 hrs of the recording session. f, Duration of REM episodes during the first 2.5 hrs of the session. The reduction of REM sleep caused by pharmacogenetic inactivation of vM GABAergic neurons appears to be due to the reduction of frequency rather than duration of REM episodes.