Table 1.
Characteristics of Student Breakfast Skippers Attending 16 Rural Minnesota High Schools by Food Security Status
| Food Security | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 791) |
Insecure (N = 112) |
Secure (N = 679) |
p value |
|
| Demographics | ||||
| Socioeconomic status, N (column %) | ||||
| free/reduced priced school meal eligibility | 275 (35%) | 61 (54%) | 214 (32%) | <.01 |
| full priced school meal eligibility | 515 (65%) | 51 (46%) | 464 (68%) | |
| Race, N (column %) | ||||
| white | 534 (71%) | 60 (59%) | 474 (73%) | .004 |
| nonwhite | 220 (29%) | 42 (41%) | 178 (27%) | |
| Grade, N (column %) | ||||
| 9 | 386 (49%) | 52 (46%) | 334 (49%) | .59 |
| 10 | 405 (51%) | 60 (54%) | 345 (51%) | |
| Sex, N (column %) | ||||
| female | 435 (55%) | 72 (64%) | 363 (53%) | .03 |
| male | 356 (45%) | 40 (36%) | 316 (47%) | |
| Personal Health | ||||
| Weight categories, N (column %)1 | ||||
| Underweight/normal | 505 (64%) | 64 (59%) | 441 (65%) | .19 |
| Overweight/obese | 280 (36%) | 45 (41%) | 235 (35%) | |
| General health, N (column %) | ||||
| Excellent/Very Good | 388 (49%) | 33 (29%) | 355 (52%) | <.01 |
| Good/Fair/Poor | 401 (51%) | 79 (71%) | 322 (48%) | |
| Sleep hours, N (column %) | ||||
| Very Little Sleep (>=0 and <5 hours) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | 1 (0.2%) | .57 |
| Below recommended sleep (>=5 and <9 hours) | 624 (82%) | 84 (79%) | 540 (82%) | |
| At or above recommended sleep (9+)2 | 139 (18%) | 22 (21%) | 117 (18%) | |
| mean sleep hours (SD) | 8.1 (0.9) | 8.0 (1.0) | 8.1 (0.9) | .34 |
| Participate in strenuous exercise, N (column %) | ||||
| None or less than ½ hour a week | 185 (23%) | 43 (38%) | 142 (21%) | <.01 |
| ½ hour or more a week | 606 (77%) | 69 (62%) | 537 (79%) | |
| Participate in moderate exercise, N (column %) | ||||
| None or less than ½ hour a week | 152 (19%) | 27 (24%) | 125 (19%) | .16 |
| ½ hour or more a week | 630 (81%) | 84 (76%) | 546 (81%) | |
| Participate in mild exercise, N (column %) | ||||
| None or less than ½ hour a week | 152 (19%) | 28 (25%) | 124 (18%) | .1 |
| ½ hour or more a week | 638 (81%) | 84 (75%) | 554 (82%) | |
| Participate in sports teams during the past year, N (column %) |
||||
| 0 team | 236 (30%) | 53 (48%) | 183 (27%) | <.01 |
| 1 team | 208 (26%) | 34 (31%) | 174 (26%) | |
| 2 or more teams | 343 (44%) | 24 (22%) | 319 (47%) | |
| 0 or 1 team | 444 (56%) | 87 (78%) | 357 (53%) | <.01 |
| 2 or more teams | 343 (44%) | 24 (22%) | 319 (47%) | |
| HEI 2010 total score, mean (SD)3 | 52.2 (10.6) | 52.1 (10.3) | 52.2 (10.6) | .92 |
| Calories, mean (SD)3 | 1710 (644) | 1531 (542) | 1740 (655) | <.01 |
| Added sugars (by Total Sugars), g, mean (SD)3 | 54.5 (37.1) | 51.0 (35.8) | 55.1 (37.4) | .31 |
| Total fruit servings in cup equivalents, mean (SD)3 | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.7) | .62 |
| Total vegetable servings in cup equivalents, with fried potatoes and fried vegetables, mean (SD)3 |
0.8 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5) | .13 |
| Home Environment | ||||
| Eat breakfast as a family, N (column %) | ||||
| 0 times | 413 (52%) | 57 (51%) | 356 (53%) | .51 |
| 1 time or 2 times | 211 (27%) | 27 (24%) | 184 (27%) | |
| 3–7 times | 166 (21%) | 28 (25%) | 138 (20%) | |
| Eat dinner as a family, N (column %) | ||||
| 0 times | 62 (8%) | 13 (12%) | 49 (7%) | .06 |
| 1 time or 2 times | 94 (12%) | 18 (16%) | 76 (11%) | |
| 3–7 times | 634 (80%) | 80 (72%) | 554 (82%) | |
| Encouraged to eat breakfast by parent/guardian(s), N (column %) |
||||
| Never | 378 (48%) | 47 (42%) | 331 (49%) | .18 |
| Ever | 413 (52%) | 65 (58%) | 348 (51%) | |
| Average hours of work for pay per week, mean (SD) | 3.3 (7.1) | 3.7 (6.7) | 3.2 (7.2) | .48 |
| School related outcomes | ||||
| Attendance rate (%) | ||||
| mean (SD) | ||||
| attendance rates are all >50% | 97.4 (4.0) | 96.7 (4.7) | 97.5 (3.9) | .09 |
| Encouraged to eat breakfast by teachers or other staff at school |
||||
| Never | 509 (65%) | 62 (56%) | 447 (66%) | .03 |
| Ever | 276 (35%) | 49 (44%) | 227 (34%) | |
| Unweighted cumulative GPA*, mean (SD)4 | 2.8 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8) | <.01 |
| Cumulative GPA percentile, mean (SD) | 45.5 (27.0) | 35.4 (23.9) | 47.2 (27.1) | <.01 |
| Participation, National School Breakfast Program (SBP), % | ||||
| 0% | 298 (38%) | 31 (28%) | 267 (40%) | <.01 |
| >0% and <= 25% | 375 (47%) | 53 (47%) | 322 (47%) | |
| >25% | 117 (15%) | 28 (25%) | 89 (13%) | |
| mean (SD) | 10.5 (18.2) | 17.2 (22.5) | 9.3 (17.1) | <.01 |
| Breakfast beliefs scale (4–16), mean(SD) | 10.4 (2.5) | 10.5 (2.7) | 10.4 (2.4) | .61 |
| Breakfast barriers scale (9–36), mean(SD) | 19.6 (3.7) | 19.0 (3.8) | 19.7 (3.6) | .06 |
| Breakfast benefits scale (7–28), mean(SD) | 19.4 (5.0) | 20.3 (5.0) | 19.3 (5.0) | .05 |
Note.
1
Weight categories were determined by BMI percentiles calculated based on CDC growth chart using age and sex as part of the calculation. Underweight (BMI percentile < 5%); Normal (BMI percentile >= 5% and < 85%); Overweight (BMI percentile >= 85% and < 95%) and Obese (BMI percentile >= 95%)
2
Pediatrics AA of. School Start Times for Adolescents Abstract.; 2014. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1697.
3
Derived from multi-pass 24 hour dietary recall data
4
Three high schools were excluded, because only weighted GPA data was provided.