Table 2. Baseline characteristics categorized by 24h potassium excretion.
| 24h urinary potassium excretion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Overall | <1.5 g/day | 1.5–2.0 g/day | 2.0–2.5 g/day | 2.5–3.0 g/day | >3.0 g/day | P-value |
| Number of patients | 1230 | 242 | 349 | 301 | 194 | 144 | |
| 24h urinary potassium excretion, g/day | 2.14 (0.77) | 1.23 (0.21) | 1.75 (0.14) | 2.24 (0.14) | 2.72 (0.15) | 3.64 (0.62) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 62.2 (10.9) | 63.4 (11.6) | 61.3 (11.3) | 62.6 (9.3) | 61.1 (12.0) | 62.7 (9.7) | 0.100 |
| Male, n (%) | 651 (52.9) | 109 (45.0) | 164 (47.0) | 181 (60.1) | 111 (57.2) | 86 (59.7) | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 159.0 (9.1) | 156.5 (9.5) | 158.1 (8.9) | 159.8 (8.8) | 160.7 (8.7) | 161.3 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 61.5 (11.6) | 57.4 (9.4) | 61.2 (11.9) | 62.5 (10.7) | 63.1 (12.0) | 65.1 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 (3.6) | 23.4 (3.4) | 24.4 (3.8) | 24.4 (3.4) | 24.3 (3.4) | 24.7 (3.6) | 0.003 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 131.7 (17.5) | 131.6 (18.5) | 133.2 (18.7) | 129.9 (16.6) | 131.3 (16.2) | 133.0 (16.3) | 0.156 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 72.6 (12.2) | 71.7 (12.9) | 72.7 (12.7) | 72.4 (11.7) | 72.9 (10.7) | 73.9 (12.6) | 0.541 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 1112 (90.4) | 211 (87.2) | 321 (92.0) | 278 (92.4) | 173 (89.2) | 129 (89.6) | 0.227 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 12.0 (8.0) | 12.4 (8.6) | 12.4 (8.2) | 11.9 (7.8) | 11.7 (7.5) | 11.2 (7.7) | 0.558 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 479 (38.9) | 93 (38.4) | 147 (42.1) | 116 (38.5) | 70 (36.1) | 53 (36.8) | 0.649 |
| History of CVD, n (%) | 250 (20.3) | 50 (20.7) | 81 (23.2) | 69 (22.9) | 34 (17.5) | 16 (11.1) | 0.021 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent, n (%) | 818 (66.5) | 154 (63.6) | 242 (69.3) | 201 (66.8) | 130 (67.0) | 91 (63.2) | 0.576 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 408 (33.2) | 89 (36.8) | 118 (33.8) | 92 (30.6) | 59 (30.4) | 50 (34.7) | 0.520 |
| RAAS blockade, n (%) | 611 (49.7) | 124 (51.2) | 191 (54.7) | 144 (47.8) | 87 (44.8) | 65 (45.1) | 0.126 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 456 (37.1) | 99 (40.9) | 135 (38.7) | 109 (36.2) | 67 (34.5) | 46 (31.9) | 0.384 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 137 (11.1) | 38 (15.7) | 45 (12.9) | 25 (8.3) | 17 (8.8) | 12 (8.3) | 0.028 |
| Statin, n (%) | 440 (35.8) | 88 (36.4) | 136 (39.0) | 96 (31.9) | 79 (40.7) | 41 (28.5) | 0.062 |
| Total protein, g/dl | 7.48 (0.45) | 7.47 (0.46) | 7.44 (0.46) | 7.50 (0.44) | 7.48 (0.41) | 7.54 (0.45) | 0.254 |
| Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.39 (0.26) | 4.35 (0.29) | 4.37 (0.26) | 4.41 (0.26) | 4.44 (0.24) | 4.43 (0.23) | <0.001 |
| Serum uric acid, mg/dl | 5.07 (1.37) | 4.91 (1.39) | 5.11 (1.35) | 5.11 (1.36) | 5.10 (1.39) | 5.13 (1.40) | 0.394 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.72 (0.19) | 0.72 (0.20) | 0.73 (0.19) | 0.73 (0.18) | 0.73 (0.19) | 0.70 (0.16) | 0.441 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 78.6 (19.5) | 78.2 (21.4) | 77.2 (19.7) | 78.6 (18.1) | 79.5 (20.4) | 81.5 (16.8) | 0.236 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.26 (0.95) | 7.22 (0.88) | 7.26 (0.88) | 7.27 (1.03) | 7.34 (1.09) | 7.15 (0.87) | 0.413 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/l | 139.6 (1.8) | 139.9 (1.9) | 139.7 (1.9) | 139.5 (1.8) | 139.2 (1.9) | 139.5 (1.6) | 0.003 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/l | 4.44 (0.37) | 4.31 (0.39) | 4.42 (0.36) | 4.48 (0.39) | 4.50 (0.37) | 4.51 (0.31) | <0.001 |
| Serum chloride, mEq/l | 104.3 (2.4) | 104.4 (2.7) | 104.6 (2.3) | 104.2 (2.3) | 104.0 (2.2) | 104.1 (2.2) | 0.03 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 198.8 (34.7) | 197.1 (35.1) | 201.8 (34.8) | 198.3 (34.3) | 198.2 (35.6) | 196.6 (33.6) | 0.425 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 53.3 (14.0) | 54.1 (14.5) | 52.9 (13.6) | 52.4 (13.4) | 53.3 (13.1) | 55.2 (15.9) | 0.309 |
| 24h urinary albumin excretion, mg/day | 44.4 (117.9) | 41.5 (101.3) | 57.7 (163.3) | 34.7 (81.7) | 34.7 (104.8) | 50.6 (87.6) | 0.080 |
| 24h urinary sodium excretion, g/day | 4.50 (1.64) | 3.51 (1.24) | 4.23 (1.36) | 4.63 (1.40) | 4.99 (1.61) | 5.87 (2.10) | <0.001 |
Categorical variables are expressed as the number (%) and continuous variables are expressed as the mean (SD).
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein