Trophoblast invasion and the roles of ADAM12, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, which are expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast, extravillous trophoblasts and, in the case of ADAM12 and PAPP-A, decidual cells. cCT = columnar cytotrophoblast; eEVT = endovascular extravillous trophoblast; iEVT = interstitial extravillous trophoblast; IS = intervillous space; ST = syncytiotrophoblast; vCT = villous cytotrophoblast.