Table 2.
Effects of URM status, FG status, and Gender on Baseline Measures
| HLM | Regression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| γ | F (df) | p | β | t (df) | p | |
| Prior GPA | ||||||
| URM | −0.16 | 15.62 (1, 1035) | .000 | −0.13 | 3.96 (1035) | .000 |
| FG | −0.16 | 15.86 (1, 1035) | .000 | −0.16 | 3.99 (1035) | .000 |
| URM x FG | 0.01 | 0.06 (1, 1035) | .813 | 0.01 | 0.23 (1035) | .816 |
| Gender | 0.06 | 3.60 (1, 1034) | .058 | 0.06 | 1.91 (1035) | .057 |
| % Free/Reduced Lunch | ||||||
| URM | 0.27 | 45.39 (1, 1035) | .000 | 0.21 | 6.75 (1035) | .000 |
| FG | 0.34 | 72.85 (1, 1035) | .000 | 0.34 | 8.55 (1035) | .000 |
| URM x FG | 0.14 | 11.41 (1, 1035) | .002 | 0.14 | 3.38 (1035) | .001 |
| Gender | 0.00 | 0.01 (1, 1035) | .670 | 0.00 | 0.08 (1035) | .935 |
| Confidence about Performance | ||||||
| URM | −0.03 | 0.44 (1, 1035) | .509 | −0.02 | 0.66 (1035) | .511 |
| FG | −0.02 | 0.32 (1, 1035) | .572 | −0.02 | 0.56 (1035) | .579 |
| URM x FG | 0.04 | 0.08 (1, 1035) | .773 | −0.01 | 0.29 (1035) | .771 |
| Gender | 0.25 | 65.10 (1, 1034) | .000 | −0.24 | 8.08 (1035) | .000 |
| Interest in Biology | ||||||
| URM | 0.06 | 1.88 (1, 1035) | .170 | 0.05 | 1.37 (1035) | .170 |
| FG | 0.05 | 1.35 (1, 1035) | .246 | 0.05 | 1.16 (1035) | .245 |
| URM x FG | 0.02 | 0.19 (1, 1035) | .661 | 0.02 | 0.44 (1035) | .661 |
| Gender | 0.00 | 0.01 (1, 1035) | .910 | 0.00 | 0.11 (1035) | .910 |
| Perceived Utility Value | ||||||
| URM | 0.07 | 2.56 (1, 1035) | .110 | 0.05 | 1.60 (1035) | .109 |
| FG | 0.02 | 0.23 (1, 1035) | .632 | 0.02 | 0.48 (1035) | .631 |
| URM x FG | 0.00 | 0.00 (1, 1035) | .992 | 0.00 | 0.01 (1035) | .992 |
| Gender | −0.08 | 7.14 (1, 1035) | .008 | 0.08 | 2.68 (1035) | .008 |
| Biology Background | ||||||
| URM | −0.09 | 4.45 (1, 1035) | .035 | −0.07 | 2.11 (1035) | .035 |
| FG | −0.02 | 0.20 (1, 1035) | .655 | −0.02 | 0.45 (1035) | .654 |
| URM x FG | −0.02 | 0.26 (1, 1035) | .613 | −0.02 | 0.51 (1035) | .613 |
| Gender | −0.04 | 1.89 (1, 1035) | .169 | 0.04 | 1.38 (1035) | .169 |
| Belonging Uncertainty | ||||||
| URM | −0.01 | 0.12 (1, 1035) | .732 | −0.01 | 0.34 (1035) | .732 |
| FG | 0.08 | 3.86 (1, 1035) | .050 | 0.08 | 1.97 (1035) | .049 |
| URM x FG | 0.01 | 0.08 (1, 1035) | .775 | 0.01 | 0.29 (1035) | .774 |
| Gender | −0.08 | 5.86 (1, 1035) | .016 | 0.08 | 2.42 (1035) | .016 |
| Competence Valuation | ||||||
| URM | 0.08 | 4.12 (1, 1035) | .043 | 0.07 | 2.03 (1035) | .042 |
| FG | 0.01 | 0.09 (1, 1035) | .761 | 0.01 | 0.31 (1035) | .761 |
| URM x FG | −0.02 | 0.13 (1, 1035) | .714 | −0.02 | 0.37 (1035) | .714 |
| Gender | −0.13 | 15.82 (1, 1035) | .000 | 0.12 | 3.98 (1035) | .000 |
| Desire to Contribute | ||||||
| URM | 0.08 | 3.47 (1, 1035) | .063 | 0.06 | 1.87 (1035) | .062 |
| FG | 0.01 | 0.06 (1, 1035) | .808 | 0.01 | 0.24 (1035) | .807 |
| URM x FG | −0.03 | 0.57 (1, 1035) | .493 | −0.03 | 0.69 (1035) | .492 |
| Gender | −0.05 | 2.25 (1, 1035) | .134 | 0.05 | 1.50 (1035) | .134 |
| Helping Motives | ||||||
| URM | 0.20 | 22.71 (1, 1035) | .000 | 0.15 | 4.77 (1035) | .000 |
| FG | 0.21 | 26.08 (1, 1035) | .000 | 0.21 | 5.12 (1035) | .000 |
| URM x FG | 0.09 | 5.27 (1, 1035) | .022 | 0.09 | 2.30 (1035) | .022 |
| Gender | 0.08 | 7.50 (1, 1035) | .006 | 0.08 | 2.74 (1035) | .006 |
| Independent Motives | ||||||
| URM | 0.05 | 1.49 (1, 1035) | .223 | 0.04 | 1.25 (1035) | .210 |
| FG | −0.00 | 0.00 (1, 1035) | .971 | −0.00 | 0.03 (1035) | .978 |
| URM x FG | 0.07 | 2.82 (1, 1035) | .093 | 0.07 | 1.69 (1035) | .091 |
| Gender | −0.09 | 9.00 (1, 1034) | .003 | −0.09 | 2.98 (1035) | .003 |
Note. URM = Underrepresented Minority (URM = +1, Majority = −1), FG = First-generation (FG = +1, Continuing-generation = −1). Gender (Female = +1, Male = −1).