Table 4.
Changes in Groups A and B compared with Group C on family communication and well-being.
| Time | Groups A and B | Group C | Difference | Change difference | ESa,b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| point | M (SD) | M (SD) | in time point | M (SD) | ||
| Family communication(10 items, 0–100) | T1 | 65.55 (1.98) | 66.35 (2.08) | - | - | - |
| T3 | 66.70 (1.99) | 66.61 (2.09) | T3–T1 | 0.89 (0.83) | 0.07 | |
| T4 | 66.83 (1.99) | 67.19 (2.10) | T4–T1 | 0.44 (0.87) | 0.04 | |
| Family health(one item, 0–10) | T1 | 7.74 (0.22) | 8.01 (0.22) | - | - | - |
| T3 | 7.82 (0.23) | 7.79 (0.23) | T3–T1 | 0.30 (0.11) | 0.20** | |
| T4 | 7.89 (0.23) | 7.99 (0.23) | T4–T1 | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.11 | |
| Family happiness(one item, 0–10) | T1 | 7.12 (0.24) | 7.24 (0.25) | - | - | - |
| T3 | 7.27 (0.24) | 7.18 (0.25) | T3–T1 | 0.21 (0.10) | 0.14* | |
| T4 | 7.45 (0.24) | 7.29 (0.25) | T4–T1 | 0.28 (0.11) | 0.18** | |
| Family harmony(one item, 0–10) | T1 | 7.23 (0.23) | 7.32 (0.25) | - | - | - |
| T3 | 7.24 (0.23) | 7.28 (0.25) | T3–T1 | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.03 | |
| T4 | 7.38 (0.23) | 7.29 (0.25) | T4–T1 | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.11 |
Group A (n = 419); Group B (n = 409); Group C (n = 433).
Excluded young participants aged < 12 years.
a*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
bEffect size (ES) = Cohen’s d (small = 0.20; medium = 0.50; large = 0.80).