Table 2.
Taxa and microbiome aspects associated with PPI use and increased risk of C. difficile infection
| Taxa or microbiome aspect | Direction in PPI users that increases the risk of C. difficile infection | References of role on risk of C. difficile infection |
|---|---|---|
| α diversity | Reduced | Buffie et al13
Nature. 2015 Chang et al27 Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Antharam et al28 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013 |
| k__Bacteria p__Firmicutes c__Clostridia o__Clostridiales f__Ruminococcaceae |
Decreased | Reeves et al26
Gut Microbes. 2011 Antharam et al28 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013. Buffie et al.13 Nature 2015 (Extended Figure 3d and 3e) Schubert et al31 Mbio. 2014. Rea et al29 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011. |
| k__Bacteria p__Actinobacteria c__Actinobacteria o__Bifidobacteriales f__Bifidobacteriaceae g__Bifidobacterium |
Decreased | Buffie et al10
Nature Reviews Immunology. 2013 Rea et al29 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011 Baines et al30 Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2013 |
| k__Bacteria p__Firmicutes c__Bacilli o__Lactobacillales f__Enterococcaceae g__Enterococcus |
Increased | Antharam et al28
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013 Schubert et al31 Mbio. 2014 Rea et al29 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011 (Figure 4) Buffie et al13 Nature. 2015 (Extended Figure 3d and 3e) Baines et al30 Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2013 |
| k__Bacteria p__Firmicutes c__Bacilli o__Lactobacillales f__Lactobacillaceae, g__Lactobacillus, s__delbrueckii, s__plantarum and s__reuteri |
Increased | Reeves et al26
Gut Microbes. 2011 Antharam et al28 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013 Rea et al 29 Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012 Buffie et al10 Nature Reviews Immunology. 2013 Buffie et al13 Nature. 2015 |
| k__Bacteria p__Firmicutes c__Clostridia o__Clostridiales f__Veillonellaceae g__Veillonella |
Increased | Antharam et al28 The Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013 |
| k__Bacteria p__Proteobacteria c__Gammaproteobacteria o__Enterobacteriales f__Enterobacteriaceae g__Escherichia s__coli |
Increased | Antharam et al28
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013 Reeves et al26 Gut Microbes. 2011 Schubert et al31 Mbio. 2014 Peterfreund et al32 PLOS ONE. 2012 |
PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
k__, kingdom; p__, phylum; c__, class; o__, order; f__, family; g__, genus; s__, species
associations are in bold