Table 2.

Clinical trials of immune checkpoint therapy in patients with colorectal cancer

Target	Immunotherapy	Phase	Patients	Results	Ref	Year
PD-1	Pembrolizumab, anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor	II	11 MMR-deficient CRC, 21 MMR-proficient CRC, and 9 MMR-deficient non-CRC	The immune-related objective response rate and immune-related progression-free survival rate were 40% (4 of 10 patients) and 78% (7 of 9 patients), respectively, for MMR-deficient CRC and 0% (0 of 18 patients) and 11% (2 of 18 patients) for MMR-proficient CRC	Le et al[89]	2015

PD-1: Programmed death 1; CRC: Colorectal cancer; MMR: DNA mismatch repair.