Table 1.
Patient characteristics in each group (mean±SD/median (25–75%)/n)
| Non-OPT (n=20) | OPT (n=20) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67±9 | 67±6 | 0.83 |
| NYHA 2/NYHA 3 (n) | 17/3 | 17/3 | 1.00 |
| IHD (n) | 18 | 16 | 0.66 |
| DCM (n) | 3 | 3 | 1.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation (n) | 1 | 4 | 0.34 |
| CCS class 0/1/2 (n) | 18/2/0 | 15/3/1 | 0.49 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 120±15 | 124±18 | 0.38 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 65±7 | 71±8 | 0.03 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 69±14 | 73±16 | 0.45 |
| LVEF | 37±12 | 33±11 | 0.33 |
| Duration of HF (years) | 5 (3–11) | 8 (3–14) | 0.58 |
| Duration of T2D (years) | 15±9 | 12±6 | 0.31 |
| HbA1c (% / mmol/mol) | 8.3±0.7 / 68±8 | 8.4±0.8/68±9 | 0.91 |
| Retinopathy (n) | 3 | 4 | 1.00 |
| Microalbuminuria* (n) | 8 | 9 | 1.00 |
| Neuropathy† (n) | 3 | 4 | 1.00 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 72±23 | 70±20 | 0.63 |
| BMI | 34±7 | 33±5 | 0.71 |
| Medication | |||
| ICD or CRT system (n) | 7 | 7 | 1.00 |
| ACE inhibitors (n) | 19 | 18 | 1.00 |
| β-Blockers (n) | 18 | 18 | 1.00 |
| Spironolactone (n) | 8 | 10 | 0.75 |
| Other antihypertensive therapy (n) | 5 | 4 | 1.00 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (n) | 19 | 18 | 1.00 |
| Insulin (n) | 16 | 18 | 0.66 |
| Metformin (n) | 10 | 9 | 1.00 |
| Sulfonylurea (n) | 0 | 1 | 1.00 |
| GLP-1 analogs (n) | 2 | 5 | 0.41 |
| DPP4 inhibitors (n) | 0 | 2 | 0.49 |
*Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary protein excretion >30 mg/L. No patients had >300 mg/L.
†Neuropathy was defined as decreased sensibility by monofilament test.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1, glucagon-like-peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association classification; OPT, optimization; T2D, type 2 diabetes.