Table 1.
Characteristics and comorbidities in Turner syndrome
| Characteristic | Prevalence (%) |
|---|---|
| Growth abnormalities | 90 |
| – Short stature | |
| Reproductive abnormalities | 90 |
| – Ovarian failure | |
| Dermatologic abnormalities | 90 |
| – Multiple pigmented nevi | |
| – Edema of the extremities | |
| – Vitiligo | |
| – Alopecia | |
| Neck abnormalities | 70 |
| – Webbed neck | |
| – Low posterior hairline | |
| Chest abnormalities | 70 |
| – Shield chest | |
| – Wide spaced nipples | |
| Otologic abnormalities | 50 |
| – Otitis media | |
| – Hearing loss | |
| – Low set ears | |
| Renal abnormalities | 50 |
| – Horseshoe kidney | |
| – Renal agenesis | |
| Cardiovascular abnormalities | 50 |
| – Coartaction of the aorta | |
| – Hypertension | |
| – Bicuspid aortic valve | |
| Skeletal abnormalities | 50 |
| – Short 4th metacarpals | |
| – Madelung deformities | |
| – Cubitus valgus | |
| Endocrine abnormalities | 50 |
| – Autoimmune hypothyroidism | |
| – Carbohydrate intolerance | |
| Gastrointestinal abnormalities | 30 |
| – Fatty liver disease | |
| – Celiac disease |
Clinical characteristics of TS patients and their prevalence. Potential immune-mediated findings are highlighted in italics. Characteristics secondary to lymphatic obstruction are in underline. Reference: [44]