Table 3.

Risk factors of persistent chronic opioid use after THA in patients who were chronic user presurgery (N=302/593)

Risk factor	Crude OR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value
Demographics
Age (per 10-year increment)	0.97 (0.95 to 0.98)	<0.001	0.96 (0.93 to 0.99)	<0.001*
Opioid-related comorbidities
Back pain	1.69 (1.20 to 2.38)	0.003	1.99 (1.20 to 3.23)	0.008*
Depression	1.60 (1.12 to 2.28)	0.009	1.14 (0.67 to 1.96)	0.629
Psychoses	1.97 (0.78 to 4.96)	0.149	1.47 (0.39 to 5.42)	0.563
Medical comorbidities
Diabetes with complications	2.19 (1.12 to 3.87)	0.007	3.52 (1.05 to 11.8)	0.042*
IHD hypertension	0.80 (0.58 to 1.12)	0.199	0.66 (0.41 to 1.07)	0.090
Diabetes uncomplicated	2.17 (1.36 to 3.45)	0.001	1.89 (0.78 to 4.57)	0.160
Liver disease (severe) or failure	1.49 (0.89 to 2.50)	0.129	1.25 (0.59 to 2.66)	0.566
Migraine	2.93 (0.59 to 14.6)	0.190	1.76 (0.18 to 17.3)	0.628
Hypertension	1.28 (0.92 to 1.79)	0.147	0.98 (0.59 to 1.63)	0.934
RA/collage vascular disorders	2.46 (0.76 to 7.92)	0.133	1.01 (0.25 to 4.71)	0.925
Analgesic use
Days using opioids prior to surgery		<0.001		<0.001
<94	–†		–†
94–156	Ref		Ref
157–224	3.75 (2.28 to 6.18)		3.63 (2.08 to 6.34)
225+	4.85 (2.89 to 8.15)		5.18 (2.92 to 9.19)
Average daily use of opioids (per 10 OME increment)	1.11 (1.06 to 1.15)		1.06 (1.00 to 1.11)	0.065
Pre-THA: hypnotics and sedatives	1.72 (1.21 to 2.42)	0.002	2.52 (1.48 to 4.30)	<0.001*

*Significant variables (p<0.05) in final model.

†No cases of persistent chronic users in this group, could not model this level.

IHD, ischaemic heart disease; OME, oral morphine equivalents; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; Ref, reference; THA, total hip arthroplasty.