Table 1.
Patients’ background characteristics and outcomes at hospital discharge
| Survivors | Non-survivors | P value | ||
| n | 139 | 62 | ||
| Sex (%) | Male | 93 (66.9) | 43 (69.4) | 0.87 |
| Age | 48.0 [32.5, 69.5] | 62.0 [45.5, 71.8] | 0.017* | |
| Prehospital fluid (%) | Yes | 19 (13.7) | 11 (17.7) | 0.52 |
| Anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet (%) | Yes | 8 (5.6) | 2 (3.2) | 0.727 |
| Tranexamic acid ≤3 h (%)* | No | 76 (54.7) | 35 (56.5) | 0.88 |
| Yes | 63 (45.3) | 27 (43.5) | ||
| ISS | 26.0 [22.0, 35.0] | 36.50[26.0, 41.0] | <0.001* | |
| Head or neck | AIS code ≤ 3 | 40 (31.2) | 19 (31.1) | 0.02 |
| 4 | 23 (18.0) | 11 (18.0) | ||
| 5 | 17 (13.3) | 24 (39.3) | ||
| Face | ≤3 | 22 (17.2) | 4 (6.6) | |
| Chest | ≤3 | 38 (29.7) | 16 (26.2) | 0.497 |
| 4 | 31 (24.2) | 20 (32.8) | ||
| 5 | 12 (9.4) | 4 (6.6) | ||
| Abdomen or pelvic contents | ≤3 | 108 (84.3) | 53 (86.9) | 0.261 |
| 4 | 19 (14.8) | 6 (9.8) | ||
| 5 | 1 (0.8) | 2 (3.3) | ||
| Extremities or pelvic girdle | ≤3 | 47 (36.7) | 18 (29.5) | 0.364 |
| 4 | 19 (14.8) | 11 (18.0) | ||
| 5 | 10 (7.8) | 8 (13.1) | ||
| External | ≤3 | 125 (97.7) | 61 (100) | 1.000 |
| 4 | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| RBC within 6 h (U) | 6.0 [4.0, 10.0] | 16.0 [8.0, 23.5] | <0.001* | |
| FFP within 6 h (U) | 6.0 [2.0, 10.0] | 10.0 [5.3, 20.0] | 0.001* | |
| FFP/RBC ratio at 6 h | 1.0 [0.5, 1.3] | 0.8 [0.6, 1.0] | 0.066 | |
| Platelet trans. ≤6 h (%)** | 0 U | 111 (79.9) | 38 (61.3) | 0.001* |
| 5 U | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 10 U | 13 (9.4) | 5 (8.1) | ||
| 15 U | 1 (0.7) | 2 (3.2) | ||
| 20 U | 9 (6.5) | 15 (24.2) | ||
| 25 U | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| 30 U | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| 35 U | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 40 U | 3 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| RBC within 24 h (U) | 10.0 [6.0, 17.0] | 18.0 [10.0, 28.0] | <0.001* | |
| FFP within 24 h (U) | 10.0 [4.0, 17.0] | 16.0 [8.0, 20.0] | 0.018* | |
| FFP/RBC ratio at 24 h | 1.0 [0.6, 1.3] | 0.83 [0.6, 1.1] | 0.177 | |
| Platelet trans. ≤24 h (%) | 0 U | 90 (64.7) | 30 (48.4) | 0.182 |
| 10 U | 16 (11.5) | 6 (9.7) | ||
| 15 U | 3 (2.2) | 3 (4.8) | ||
| 20 U | 20 (14.4) | 18 (29.0) | ||
| 30 U | 3 (2.2) | 3 (4.8) | ||
| 40 U | 3 (2.2) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| 50 U | 2 (1.4) | 1 (1.6) | ||
| 55 U | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 100 U | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Heart rate on admission | 100.0 [79.0, 120.0] | 103.0 [83.0, 120.0] | 0.753 | |
| SBP on admission (mmHg) | 110.0 [89.0, 140.0] | 118.0 [80.0, 142.5] | 0.623 | |
| Respiratory rate on admission | 23.5 [20.0, 30.0] | 22.0 [18.0, 29.5] | 0.53 | |
| WBC on admission (×103/μL) | 11.9 [9.0, 17.0] | 11.8 [8.7, 15.6] | 0.718 | |
| Hb on admission (g/dL) | 11.9 [10.2, 13.5] | 11.9 [10.1, 14.0] | 0.999 | |
| PLT on admission (×104/μL) | 20.0 [15.5, 25.2] | 18.50 [14.25, 22.53] | 0.046 | |
| CPK on admission (IU/L) n = 204 | 373.0 [217.0, 645.0] | 320.0 [218.0, 522.0] | 0.916 | |
| Base excess on admission n = 198 | −3.4 [−6.4, −1.1] | −5.5 [−10.5, −3.7] | <0.001* |
*Shows a significant difference (P < 0.05) median [25th percentile, 75th percentile].
Prehospital fluid: whether the patients received intravenous infusion before admission or not.
Anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet: whether the patients had been receiving these drugs based on their history.
Tranexamic acid ≤3 h: whether the patients received tranexamic acid intravenously within 3 h after admission.
RBC within 6 h (U): the total number of units of packed red blood cells that the patients received within 6 h after admission.
FFP within 6 h (U): the total number of units of fresh frozen plasma that the patients received within 6 h after admission.
FFP/RBC ratio at 6 h: the total number of units of fresh frozen plasma that the patients received within 6 h after admission divided by the total number units of packed red blood cells.
Platelet trans. ≤6 h: the total number of units of platelet transfusion within the first 6 h after admission.
AIS indicates abbreviated injury scale; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; Hb, hemoglobin; ISS, injury severity score; PLT, platelet count; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell count.