Table 3.
Anti-HIV prevalence according to selected characteristics for male and female PWID at their first participation to ARISTOTLE along with crude and adjusted odds ratios for the risk of HIV infection (excluding seeds).
| Male PWIDs (n = 2797)
|
Female PWIDs (n = 510)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-HIV (+), n (%) | Bivariate analysis Crude ORa (95% CI) | Multivariable analysis Adjusted ORb (95% CI) | Anti-HIV (+), n (%) | Bivariate analysis Crude ORa (95% CI) | Multivariable analysis Adjusted ORb (95% CI) | |
| A. Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age | (per 10 year increase) | (per 10-year increase) | (per 10-year increase) | (per 10-year increase) | ||
| 18–30 | 118 (18.2) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 38 (22.9) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) |
| 31–40 | 210 (15.2) | 35 (15.2) | ||||
| >40 | 86 (11.2) | 12 (10.6) | ||||
| Country of origin | ||||||
| Greece | 324 (14.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 73 (15.8) | 1.00 | – |
| Afghanistan/Iran | 30 (23.1) | 1.87 (1.22, 2.87) | 0.77 (0.44, 1.34) | – | – | |
| Middle East (other) | 19 (19.2) | 1.51 (0.91, 2.52) | 0.81 (0.44, 1.50) | – | – | |
| Balkans and eastern Europe | 29 (20.9) | 1.62 (1.05, 2.49) | 1.16 (0.68, 1.98) | 10 (26.3) | 1.83 (0.85, 3.95) | |
| Africa | 10 (10.9) | 0.78 (0.40, 1.51) | 0.39 (0.17, 0.86) | 1 (25.0) | – | |
| Education | ||||||
| High school or higher | 123 (11.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 39 (13.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary school, middle/secondary school | 288 (17.2) | 1.63 (1.30, 2.05) | 1.45 (1.12, 1.88) | 46 (20.3) | 1.54 (0.96, 2.48) | 1.04 (0.56, 1.96) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed full-time/part-time | 38 (10.5) | 1.00 | – | 5 (12.2) | 1.00 | – |
| Unable to work for health reasons, unemployed | 374 (15.7) | 1.58 (1.11, 2.25) | 79 (17.2)) | 1.44 (0.55, 3.77) | ||
| Student, retired, other | 2 (6.7) | 0.70 (0.14, 2.65) | 1 (11.1) | 0.89 (0.09, 8.66) | ||
| Homeless in the past 12 months | ||||||
| No | 210 (11.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 37 (11.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes (not currently) | 44 (15.0) | 1.40 (0.98, 1.98) | 1.21 (0.82, 1.78) | 12 (17.7) | 1.53 (0.73, 3.18) | 1.09 (0.45, 2.62) |
| Yes (currently) | 160 (25.1) | 2.63 (2.09, 3.31) | 1.89 (1.41, 2.52) | 36 (29.3) | 3.16 (1.88, 5.32) | 1.50 (0.73, 3.07) |
| History of imprisonment (ever) | ||||||
| No | 160 (11.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 32 (10.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 254 (18.1) | 1.66 (1.34, 2.06) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.64) | 52 (26.2) | 3.09 (1.90, 5.03) | 2.76 (1.43, 5.31) |
| B. Injecting drug use behaviour | ||||||
| Duration of injecting drug use | (per 10-year increase) | (per 10-year increase) | (per 10-year increase) | (per 10 year increase) | ||
| ≤ 2 years | 39 (13.3) | 9 (17.0) | ||||
| >2 years | 373 (15.0) | 0.88 (0.78, 0.99) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 76 (16.7) | 0.72 (0.53, 0.97) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
| Main substance of use | ||||||
| Heroin/Thai | 322 (13.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 46 (12.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cocaine | 63 (17.5) | 1.30 (0.97, 1.75) | 1.74 (1.24, 2.45) | 24 (24.0) | 2.40 (1.37, 4.18) | 2.25 (1.12, 4.49) |
| Buprenorphine (non-prescribed) | 2 (8.7) | 0.58 (0.13, 2.58) | 0.60 (0.13, 2.79) | – | – | – |
| Sisha, methamphetamine | 2 (12.5) | 0.86 (0.19, 3.88) | 0.92 (0.19, 4.35) | – | – | – |
| Speedball | 23 (34.3) | 3.28 (1.95, 5.51) | 4.54 (2.48, 8.30) | 12 (50.0) | 7.16 (3.05, 16.8) | 6.07 (2.06, 17.9) |
| Injecting drug use in the past month | ||||||
| No | 44 (8.6) | 1.00 | – | 11 (10.4) | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 369 (16.2) | 2.07 (1.49, 2.88) | 74 (18.3) | 1.97 (0.99, 3.90) | ||
| Frequency of injecting drug use (past 12 months) | ||||||
| Once per day or less | 159 (9.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 43 (12.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| More than once per day | 255 (23.4) | 2.97 (2.39, 3.68) | 2.07 (1.60, 2.67) | 42 (25.9) | 2.48 (1.54, 3.99) | 1.79 (0.95, 3.38) |
| Sharing syringes (past 12 months) | ||||||
| Never | 175 (11.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 42 (15.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 164 (20.2) | 1.96 (1.55, 2.47) | 1.62 (1.21, 2.16) | 24 (15.7) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.71) | 0.54 (0.23, 1.25) |
| About half the time or more | 50 (25.0) | 2.58 (1.81, 3.69) | 1.91 (1.26, 2.90) | 17 (34.0) | 2.74 (1.40, 5.35) | 1.19 (0.45, 3.18) |
| Use drugs divided with a syringe that someone else had already injected with (past 12 months) | ||||||
| Never | 208 (11.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 43 (13.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rarely | 141 (20.5) | 2.05 (1.62, 2.59) | 1.30 (0.96, 1.77) | 28 (19.2) | 1.54 (0.91, 2.60) | 1.90 (0.86, 4.20) |
| About half the time or more | 61 (27.4) | 2.96 (2.13, 4.11) | 1.91 (0.98, 2.19) | 13 (34.2) | 3.38 (1.60, 7.09) | 2.90 (1.01, 8.29) |
| C. Sexual behaviour | ||||||
| Number of sex partners (any partner, past 12 months) | ||||||
| 0 | 128 (23.4) | 1.94 (1.47, 2.57) | – | 9 (15.8) | 1.99 (0.85, 4.68) | 2.66 (0.94, 7.50) |
| 1 | 113 (13.8) 110 | 1.00 | 19 (9.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 2–5 | (11.6) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 18 (13.9) | 1.65 (0.83, 3.29) | 1.54 (0.70, 3.41) | |
| >5 | 58 (13.0) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) | 37 (38.5) | 6.36 (3.39, 12.0) | 4.12 (1.93, 8.77) | |
| Among those with ≥ 1 partner: received money/drugs in exchange for sex (past 12 months) | ||||||
| No | 262 (12.5) | 1.00 | – | 36 (11.2) | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 18 (15.4) | 1.20 (0.71, 2.04) | 40 (33.9) | 4.00 (2.38, 6.72) | ||
| Among those with ≥ 1 partner: whether last partner was an PWID (past 12 months) | ||||||
| Definitely/probably PWID | 135 (14.2) | 1.00 | – | 38 (12.2) | 1.00 | – |
| Definitely/probably not PWID | 139 (11.7) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.04) | 37 (28.9) | 3.02 (1.81, 5.05) | ||
| Same-sex contacts (past 12 months) | ||||||
| No | 402 (14.8) | 1.00 | – | 72 (15.6) | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 9 (16.7) | 1.20 (0.59, 2.46) | 11 (29.7) | 2.43 (1.15, 5.10) | ||
| D. Access to treatment | ||||||
| Ever participated in a drug treatment programme | ||||||
| Yes | 240 (13.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 59 (17.6) | 1.00 | – |
| No | 173 (17.6) | 1.39 (1.12, 1.72) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.66) | 25 (19.4) | 1.22 (0.72, 2.06) | |
a
Generated using generalized estimated equations (GEE) clustered on recruiter.
b
Generated using GEE clustered on recruiter and adjusting for RDS individualized recruitment weights and programme round. PWID = people who inject drugs; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.