Figure 1.

Maize pathogen defense gene expression in response to protein fractions from isoelectric separation of frass proteins. Maize leaves were wounded and treated with 10 protein fractions (A–J) or PBS buffer for 24 h, and the pathogen defense gene marker pr5 transcript abundance was measured by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR. Transcript abundance of pr5 was normalized to that of the reference gene actin and expressed as relative quantification (RQ). Data were analyzed by one-factor ANOVA, and mean separation was calculated by multiple comparison Tukey’s test. RQ values of frass-treated gene expression marked with asterisk are significantly different from buffer-treated expression (P < 0.05). Four plants were used as biological replicates for each treatment, and error bars indicate se.