Phenotypes of railway and mountain A. arenosa plants. A, Map of central Europe with locations of A. arenosa populations sampled from railway (yellow) and mountain (green) sites. TBG = Triberg, Germany; RT = Upper Danube Valley, Germany; BGS = Berchtesgaden, Germany; SZB = Salzburg, Austria; HO = Hochlantsch, Austria; KA = Kasparstein, Austria; TR = Trencin, Slovakia; SP = Spisska, Slovakia. B, Box plots showing flowering phenotypes of plants grown from seeds collected from railway and mountain populations. Flowering time was quantified as the time from germination to the first open flower for vernalized (left) and nonvernalized (right) plants from both accessions. Plants that did not flower by the end of the experiment (200 d) were assigned 200 d as their flowering date. C, Images of two representative vernalized individuals taken at 38 weeks. TBG plants flower continuously, while KA plants revert to vegetative growth after an episode of flowering. The development of secondary rosettes along branched stems of KA plants can then be observed. D, Representative greenhouse-grown A. arenosa indicating scored phenotypes of primary inflorescence branches (PB) and rosette branches (RB). PI indicates the primary inflorescence.