Figure 1.

Direct effects of 15 generations of selection on bank voles toward: high swim-induced aerobic metabolism, herbivorous capability measured as ability to maintain body mass on a low-quality diet, and predatory propensity measured as ranked time to attack a cricket. Comparison of the cumulative effects of selection in the three directions is expressed as a difference between the means of four selected (in each direction) and four control lines, expressed in units of phenotypic standard deviation. In generation 8 and 13 the food composition used in selection trial in the “Herbivorous” lines was different than in other generations, which resulted in the irregular pattern (marked with broken lines). In generation 12 selection in “Aerobic” lines was relaxed (broken line).