Table 1.

Source of HLA-G-bearing EVs with potential immunological and clinical relevance.

Cell type	EVs source	Potential target cell response	Function/mechanism	Clinical relevance	Reference
	Melanoma	Tolerance-inducing effect of melanoma derived HLA-G-bearing EVs on immune cells	Potential induction of inhibitory signaling by HLA-G1-bearing EVs via LILRB1/2 receptors	Unknown clinical relevance	(32)
	Kidney cancer	Inhibitory effect of HLA-G-bearing EVs on monocyte differentiation into mature DCs and reduced T cell proliferation	Inhibitory effect of HLA-G1-bearing EVs on monocyte differentiation and their maturation to DCs	Suppression of immune effector cells by HLA-G1-bearing EVs, leading to disease progression	(83)
	Breast cancer	Modulation of immune effector functions by circulating HLA-G-bearing EVs	Unknown function	Association of high circulating amounts of HLA-G-bearing EVs to disease progression	(84)
	Trophoblast	Modulation of immune effector functions by cytotrophoblast-derived HLA-G5-bearing EVs	Unknown function	Unknown clinical relevance, but potential biomarker for pregnancy-related disorders	(87)
	Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)	Induction of tolerance between graft and host immune cells by MSCs-derived EVs	Immunomodulation by synergistic additive effect of HLA-G, IL-10, and TGFβ	Potential therapeutic option for patients with therapy–refractory GvHD using MSC-derived HLA-G-bearing EVs	(91)