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. 2016 Feb;13(2):183–196. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.02.003

Figure 2. Illustration of androgen regulation of ECs via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and its modification by estrogens.

Figure 2.

Androgens, T and DHT, regulate EC growth and functions through the regulation of gene expression of VEGF and other growth factors either directly in ECs (autocrine) or indirectly in other androgen-target cells such as prostate epithelial cells (paracrine). AR: androgen receptor; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; ECs: endothelial cells; ERs: estrogen receptors; E2: estrogens; SU5416: a specific VEGFR antagonist; T: testosterone; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: VEGF receptor; 5αRD: 5alpha-reductases.