Table 1.

The traditional use of Phyllanthus.

Species	Region	Local name	Plant part used	Traditional use	Reference
P. emblica	Bangladesh		Fruit	Constipation, urinary diseases	[8]
	Burma		Juice/bark	Constipation, hemostasis, keratitis	[8]
	Cambodia		Leaves	Muscle pain, fever	[8]
	China	Yuganzi	Fruit	Digestive disease, hypertension, fever, respiratory inflammation	[8]
	Fiji		Fruit	Tonic	[8]
	India	Amla, Indian gooseberry	Fruit	Diabetes, chronic diarrhea, inflammation, fever, liver diseases, stomach ulcers, metabolic disorders, skin disorders, beauty care	[3, 4]
	Indonesia		Leaves/fruit	Diarrhea, abdominal pain, stomach Disease, gallbladder disease, bleeding	[8]
	Iran		Fruit	Parasitic	[8]
	Iraq		Fruit	Bleeding, gastrointestinal system disorder	[8]
	Nepal		Stem/fruit/seed	Urination disorder, constipation, bleeding, diarrhea, ophthalmopathy, asthma, bronchitis	[8]
	Pakistan		Fruit	Diarrhea, preterm, skin diseases, gonorrhea, ophthalmopathy, anemia, hair care	[8, 9]
	Sri Lanka		Fruit/whole plant	Constipation, indigestion, keratitis	[8]
	Thailand	Makham pom	Juice/bark	Diarrhea, leukorrhagia, cough, parasitosis, gastrointestinal chronic diseases, hair treatment and nourishment, skin care	[8, 10, 11]
	Turkey		Fruit	Diarrhea, dysentery, hemostasis, gastroenteritis	[8]
P. reticulatus	Bangladesh		Whole plant	Edema, constipation, helminthiasis, dysentery, diarrhea, pain	[12]
	China	Huangguo yexiazhu		Inflammation, rheumatism	[13]
	India	Pancoli, karineli	Leaves/bark	Urination disorder, fever, smallpox, colic, constipation, diabetes	[12, 14, 15]
	Kenya			Malaria	[7]
	Malaysia		Leaves	Smallpox, syphilis, asthma, diarrhea, bleeding from gums, diabetes, urination disorder, sores, burn, suppuration, chafe, venereal sores	[16, 17]
	Sri Lanka		Bark/fruit	Enteritis, urination disorder	[15]
	Sudan			Urination disorder, fever	[15]
	Tanzania		Whole plant/leaves	Dysmenorrhea, gonorrhea, urination disorder, intestinal hemorrhage and anemia, muscle spasms, diarrhea with anal bleeding, promoting fertility, sores	[12, 15]
	Thailand			Urination disorder, asthma, anemia, fever, thirst, astringent, inflammation	[16]
P. niruri	Brazil	Quebra-pedra	Whole plant	Kidney calculi	[18]
	China	zhuzicao	Whole plant	Hepatitis, dysentery, enteritis, urinary infection	[19]
	Congo		Whole plant	Malaria	[20]
	India	Chanka piedra, bhuiamlki	Fruit/whole plant	Bronchitis, anaemia, leprosy, asthma, kidney calculi, ulcer, wound, sore, scabies, ring worm, jaundice, gonorrhea, menstruation, diabetes	[18, 21–23]
	Indonesia		Whole plant	Viral infection, hepatitis	[22]
	Latin America	Chanca piedra	Whole plant	Gallstone, kidney calculi, fever, excess uric acid	[6, 18, 24]
	Malaysia	Dukong anak	Whole plant	Diarrhoea, kidney disorder, gonorrhea, cough	[22]
	Thailand		Aerial parts	Anorexia, malaria	[18]
P. muellerianus	Africa			Malaria	[25]
	Cameroon	Mbolongo	Stem bark	Wound, tetanus	[26]
	Ghana			Wound	[27]
	Ivory Coast		Leaves	Fever	[26]
	Nigeria		Root	Fever	[26]
	Zambia		leaves	Fever	[26]
P. amarus	Africa		Whole plant	Urinary concretions, dysentery, jaundice, diarrhoea	[28]
	India	Bhuiamlki	Whole plant	Gastropathy, diarrhoea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, ophthalmopathy, scabies, ulcers, wound, malaria, jaundice, diabetes, asthma, hepatitis, tuberculosis, urinary diseases, bodyache, immunomodulatory	[29–34]
	Nigeria		Leaves	Diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, malaria	[35, 36]
	Peru	Chanca piedra	Leaves	Diabetes, jaundice, kidney diseases, urination disorder, sedative, astringent, tonic	[37]
	Thailand	Look tai bai		Gonorrhea, jaundice, diabetes, liver diseases	[5]
P. urinaria	China	Yexiazhu	Whole plant	Kidney calculi, painful disorder, jaundice, enteritis, diarrhea, dropsy, inflammation	[38–41]
	India			Inflammation, diarrheal, kidney calculi, painful disorder	[38, 39]
	Thailand	Look tai bai		Inflammation, diarrheal, gonorrhea, jaundice, diabetes	[5, 38]
P. acidus	India	Harfarauri	Fruit/leaves/roots	Jaundice, constipation, vomiting, biliousness, urinary concretions, piles, fever, smallpox, rheumatism, asthma, hepatic disease, diabetes, gonorrhea, ophthalmopathy, amnesia, psoriasis	[42, 43]
	Thailand	Otaheiti gooseberry, star gooseberry, mayom	Leaves/bark/root	Constipation, alcoholic addicts, hypertension, fever, dermatitis, menstruation fever	[44–46]
P. debilis	India	Bhuiamlki		Swelling, intestinal worms, fever, wound, inflammation, rheumatism	[34]
	Sri Lanka			Diabetes	[47]
P. simplex	India	Bhuiaveli, uchchiyusirika	Leaves/whole plant	Ophthalmopathy, gonorrhea, jaundice, mammary abscess, pruritus, diarrhea, hepatitis, urinary infection	[48, 49]
	China	Huang zhuzicao		Ophthalmopathy, diarrhea, hepatitis, urinary infection	[49]
P. discoideus	Cameroon			Insomnia, epilepsy	[50]
P. fraternus	India	Bhuiamlki	Whole plant	Constipation, jaundice, hepatic disorder, kidney disorders, bacterial infection	[29, 51, 52]
P. hookeri	India			Diabetes, wound, fever, inflammation, snake bite, bacterial infection	[34]
P. kozhikodianus	India			Dysentery, jaundice, ulcer, itching, bacterial infection	[34]
P. maderaspatensis	India	Bhuiamlki	Whole plant	Headache, constipation, diarrhea, edematous, dysentery, fever, ulcer, burn, jaundice, bacterial infection, immunomodulatory	[34, 52]
P. nozeranii	India			Spasmodic, piles, headache, boils, indigestion, viral and bacterial infection	[34]
P. orbicularis	Cuba			Jaundice, diabetes, kidney calculi, ulcer, rheumatism, fever	[53, 54]
P. piscatorum	Venezuela		Aerial parts	Wound, fungal infection	[55]
P. polyanthus	Kenya		Root	Sexually transmitted diseases	[56]
P. polyphyllus	India	Sirunelli	Leaves	Liver disease	[57]
P. rheedii	India		Whole plant	Diabetes	[58]
P. sellowianus	South America	Sarandi blanco	Stems/leaves	Urination disorder, diabetes	[59]
P. taxodiifolius	Thailand		Leaves/twigs	Urination disorder	[60]
P. tenellus	Brazil	Erva pombinha, quebra-pedra	Leaves	Urination disorder, kidney calculi	[61]
P. virgatus	Thailand	Look tai bai		Gonorrhea, jaundice, diabetes, liver disease	[5]