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. 2016 Apr 20;5(4):e39. doi: 10.1038/emi.2016.33

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The inhibitory effect of the MERS-CoV M protein occurs upstream of IRF3 activation. (A–E) HEK-293 cells were transfected with increasing doses of the MERS M-V5 expression plasmid, a firefly luciferase reporter plasmid driven by IFN-β promoter (IFNβ-luc) and a control Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid, together with different expression plasmids of RLR pathway activators, RIG-I N in A, mitochondrial adapter MAVS in B, IRF3 kinases TBK1 and IKK-ɛ in C and D as well as a dominant-active IRF3 mutant (IRF3 5D) in E. Cells were collected after 40 h for dual-luciferase reporter assay. Bars represent the mean of three biological replicates (n=3) and error bars indicate their s.d. The statistical significance between selected samples was evaluated using a two-tailed Student's t-test for unpaired samples with equal variance and P-value (P) was indicated. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I, RIG-I; RIG-I-like receptor, RLR.