Table 1.
Baselines characteristics of the study groups
| Characteristic | CAP (n = 75) | HCAP (n = 74) | HAP (n = 46) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 72 (19–90) | 73 (32–99) | 75 (46–91) | 0.409 |
| Male sex | 59 (78.7) | 56 (75.7) | 38 (79.2) | 0.872 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic lung diseasea | 29 (38.7) | 17 (23.0) | 15 (31.3) | 0.117 |
| Chronic heart disease | 29 (38.7) | 32 (43.2) | 24 (50.0) | 0.350 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (31.7) | 24 (32.4) | 17 (35.4) | 0.571 |
| Chronic liver disease | 5 (6.7) | 5 (6.8) | 5 (10.4) | 0.655 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1 (1.3)a | 12 (16.5) | 9 (18.8)b | 0.002 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 23 (30.7)c | 41 (55.4) | 21 (43.8) | 0.009 |
| Rheumatoid disease | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.7) | 0 | 0.485 |
| Current malignancy | 7 (9.3) | 24 (32.4) | 17 (37.0) | 0.095 |
| Radiographic finding | ||||
| Bilateral lung involvement | 54 (72.0) | 51 (71.8) | 27 (56.3) | 0.130 |
| Pleural effusion | 16 (21.3) | 18 (25.0) | 18 (37.5) | 0.130 |
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| Leukopenia | 4 (5.3) | 17 (23.0) | 5 (10.6) | 0.005 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 16.3 ± 9.6 | 15.6 ± 9.7 | 14.1 ± 8.1 | 0.440 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 12.5 ± 24.1 | 13.7 ± 28.0 | 33.5 ± 57.0 | 0.080 |
| ARDS | 19 (25.7) | 11 (14.9) | 12 (25.0) | 0.229 |
| Sepsis | 58 (77.3) | 66 (89.2) | 42 (91.3) | 0.800 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 66 (88.0) | 70 (94.3) | 48 (100) | 0.613 |
| CRRT | 15 (20.0) | 18 (24.3) | 14 (29.2) | 0.132 |
| Severity | ||||
| APACHE II | 25.1 ± 8.2 | 27.1 ± 10.4 | 24.0 ± 8.0 | 0.152 |
| SOFA (day 1) | 8.8 ± 4.0 | 9.89 ± 4.3 | 8.6 ± 4.1 | 0.153 |
| PSI risk class ≥ IV | 67 (89.3) | 71 (95.9) | 45 (97.8) | 0.108 |
| CURB-65 ≥ 3 | 35 (49.0) | 41 (58.5) | 24 (50) | 0.691 |
Values are presented as median (range), number (%), or mean ± SD.
CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; HCAP, healthcare-acquired pneumonia; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; PSI, pneumonia severity index; CURB-65, confusion, urea, respiratory rate, age ≥ 65.
a
p < 0.05 when compared with HCAP.
b
p < 0.05 when compared with CAP.
c
Chronic lung disease includes chronic obstructive lung disease and structural lung diseases, such as bronchiectasis.