Table 1. Summary of various emerging technologies in the surgical management of epilepsy.
| Technique | Indications | References |
|---|---|---|
| Stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) | • Drug-resistant epilepsy† | Smith et al. 1992 (13); Munari et al. 1994 (14); Behrens et al. 1994, 1997 (15,16); Kramer et al. 1994 (17); Wiggins et al. 1999 (18); Lee et al. 2000 (19); Guenot et al. 2001 (20); Rydenhag and Silander 2001 (21); Cossu et al. 2005, 2012, 2014, 2015 (22-25); De Almeida et al. 2006 (26); Burneo et al. 2006 (27); Johnston et al. 2006 (28); McGonigal et al. 2007 (29); Tanriverdi et al. 2009 (30); MacDougall et al. 2009 (31); Ozlen et al. 2010 (32); Blauwblomme et al. 2011 (33); Derrey et al. 2012 (34); Cardinale et al. 2013 (35); Gonzalez-Martinez et al. 2013, 2014a, 2014b (36-38); Van Roojen et al. 2013 (39); Nowell et al. 2014 (40); Taussig et al. 2014 (41); Serletis et al. 2014 (42); Liava et al. 2014 (43); Dylgjeri et al. 2014 (44); Dorfmuller et al. 2014 (45); Enatsu et al. 2015 (46); Suresh et al. 2015 (47); Ciurea et al. 2015 (48); Craiu et al. 2015 (49); Oderiz et al. 2015 (50); Mathon et al. 2015 (51); Catenoix et al. 2015 (52) |
| • MRI-negative seizure zone identification | ||
| • Anatomo-electro-clinical and MRI data discordance | ||
| • Multiple discordant lesions (e.g., tuberous sclerosis) | ||
| • Overlap with eloquent cortex | ||
| • Need for bilateral explorations | ||
| • After subdural grid failure | ||
| • Hypothesized involvement of widespread epileptogenic networks | ||
| Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) | • Drug-resistant epilepsy† | Curry et al. 2012 (53); Esquenazi et al. 2014 (54); Hawasli et al. 2014 (55); Willie et al. 2014 (56); Drane et al. 2015 (57); Kang et al. 2015 (58); Lewis et al. 2015 (59); Waseem et al. 2015 (60) |
| • Deep-seated epileptogenic lesions (e.g., mesial temporal sclerosis, hypothalamic hamartoma, deep tumors) | ||
| Responsive neurostimulation (RNS), NeuroPace | • ≥18 years of age | Morrell 2011, 2014 (61,62); Heck et al. 2014 (63); King-Stephens et al. 2015 (64); Loring et al. 2015 (65); Meador et al. 2015 (66) |
| • Drug-resistant epilepsy† | ||
| • Partial-onset seizures | ||
| • ≤2 epileptogenic foci | ||
| • Average of ≥3 seizures per 3 months average |
†, failure of adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drug schedules (whether as monotherapies or in combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom (1). LITT, laser interstitial thermal therapy; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RNS, responsive neurostimulation; SEEG, stereotactic electroencephalography.