Table 1.

Phylogenetic generalized least-squares regression models predicting evolutionary changes in F₀ (body mass models) or F₀ dimorphism (mating system and habitat models). In both sexes, evolutionary increases in body mass predicted decreases in F₀ (body mass models). Consequently, changes in body mass dimorphism were statistically controlled in models showing that F₀ dimorphism increases during transitions from monogamy to polygyny (mating system models), and from arboreality to terrestriality (habitat model).

		F	d.f.	R2	λ	est.	t	p
body mass	model (males)	14.01	2.27	0.32	1.00			<0.0001
	ln(mass)					−0.74	−3.74	<0.001
	model (females)	6.88	2.26	0.21	0.98
	ln(mass)					−0.56	−2.62	0.014
mating system	modela	6.42	3.13	0.50	0.82			0.007
	polygyny versus monogamy					0.55	3.51	0.004
	male/female mass					0.16	2.62	0.021
	modelb	6.31	3.13	0.49	1.00			0.007
	polygyny versus monogamy					0.58	2.89	0.013
	male/female mass					0.30	3.55	0.004
	modelc	6.03	3.12	0.50	0.85			<0.01
	polygyny versus monogamy					0.56	3.40	0.005
	male/female mass					0.17	2.50	0.028
habitat	model	3.33	4.19	0.34	1.00			0.032
	terrestrial versus arboreal					−0.18	−2.58	0.018
	terrestrial versus arb./terr.					−0.16	−1.37	0.188
	male/female mass					0.06	1.30	0.209

^aHumans treated as polygynous.

^bHumans treated as monogamous.

^cHumans excluded.